Jun 2023 • Nature Protocols, 1-11, 2023
Lin Yang, Jin Wang, Jennifer Altreuter, Aashna Jhaveri, Cheryl J Wong, Li Song, Jingxin Fu, Len Taing, Sudheshna Bodapati, Avinash Sahu, Collin Tokheim, Yi Zhang, Zexian Zeng, Gali Bai, Ming Tang, Xintao Qiu, Henry W Long, Franziska Michor, Yang Liu, X Shirley Liu
RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) has become an increasingly cost-effective technique for molecular profiling and immune characterization of tumors. In the past decade, many computational tools have been developed to characterize tumor immunity from gene expression data. However, the analysis of large-scale RNA-seq data requires bioinformatics proficiency, large computational resources and cancer genomics and immunology knowledge. In this tutorial, we provide an overview of computational analysis of bulk RNA-seq data for immune characterization of tumors and introduce commonly used computational tools with relevance to cancer immunology and immunotherapy. These tools have diverse functions such as evaluation of expression signatures, estimation of immune infiltration, inference of the immune repertoire, prediction of immunotherapy response, neoantigen detection and microbiome quantification …
Show moreMay 2023 • Nature Communications
Yi Zhang, Guanjue Xiang, Alva Yijia Jiang, Allen Lynch, Zexian Zeng, Chenfei Wang, Wubing Zhang, Jingyu Fan, Jiajinlong Kang, Shengqing Stan Gu, Changxin Wan, Boning Zhang, X Shirley Liu, Myles Brown, Clifford A Meyer
Integration and comparison of multiple single cell sequencing datasets can be used to compare different studies. Here the authors propose MetaTiME which compares the gene expression of single cells from the tumour microenvironment across different tumours and uses transportable labels and metacomponents to annotate cell types and states.
Show moreMay 2023 • Nature Communications
Yi Zhang, Guanjue Xiang, Yijia Jiang, Allen Lynch, Zexiang Zeng, Chenfei Wang, Wubing Zhang, Jingyu Fan, Jiajinlong Kang, Shengqing Gu, Changxin Wan, Boning Zhang, Shirley Liu, Myles Brown, Clifford Meyer
May 2023 • Nature Communications
Yi Zhang, Guanjue Xiang, Alva Yijia Jiang, Allen Lynch, Zexian Zeng, Chenfei Wang, Wubing Zhang, Jingyu Fan, Jiajinlong Kang, Shengqing Stan Gu, Changxin Wan, Boning Zhang, X Shirley Liu, Myles Brown, Clifford A Meyer
Integration and comparison of multiple single cell sequencing datasets can be used to compare different studies. Here the authors propose MetaTiME which compares the gene expression of single cells from the tumour microenvironment across different tumours and uses transportable labels and metacomponents to annotate cell types and states.
Show moreApr 2023 • Blood, The Journal of the American Society of Hematology
Livius Penter, Yang Liu, Jacquelyn O Wolff, Lin Yang, Len Taing, Aashna Jhaveri, Jackson Southard, Manishkumar Patel, Nicole M Cullen, Kathleen L Pfaff, Nicoletta Cieri, Giacomo Oliveira, Seunghee Kim-Schulze, Srinika Ranasinghe, Rebecca Leonard, Taylor Robertson, Elizabeth A Morgan, Helen X Chen, Minkyung H Song, Magdalena Thurin, Shuqiang Li, Scott J Rodig, Carrie Cibulskis, Stacey Gabriel, Pavan Bachireddy, Jerome Ritz, Howard Streicher, Donna S Neuberg, F Stephen Hodi, Matthew S Davids, Sacha Gnjatic, Kenneth J Livak, Jennifer Altreuter, Franziska Michor, Robert J Soiffer, Jacqueline S Garcia, Catherine J Wu
The challenge of eradicating leukemia in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) after initial cytoreduction has motivated modern efforts to combine synergistic active modalities including immunotherapy. Recently, the ETCTN/CTEP 10026 study tested the combination of the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor decitabine together with the immune checkpoint inhibitor ipilimumab for AML/myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) either after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) or in the HSCT-naïve setting. Integrative transcriptome-based analysis of 304 961 individual marrow-infiltrating cells for 18 of 48 subjects treated on study revealed the strong association of response with a high baseline ratio of T to AML cells. Clinical responses were predominantly driven by decitabine-induced cytoreduction. Evidence of immune activation was only apparent after ipilimumab exposure, which altered …
Show moreApr 2023 • Blood, The Journal of the American Society of Hematology
Jacqueline S Garcia, Yael Flamand, Livius Penter, Michael Keng, Benjamin K Tomlinson, Lourdes M Mendez, Paul Koller, Nicole Cullen, Yohei Arihara, Kathleen Pfaff, Jacquelyn O Wolff, Andrew M Brunner, Ilene Galinsky, Asad Bashey, Joseph H Antin, Corey Cutler, Vincent Ho, Brian A Jonas, Marlise R Luskin, Martha Wadleigh, Eric S Winer, Alexandra Savell, Rebecca Leonard, Taylor Robertson, Matthew S Davids, Howard Streicher, Scott J Rodig, Jerome Ritz, Catherine J Wu, Daniel J DeAngelo, Donna Neuberg, Richard M Stone, Robert J Soiffer
Two articles in this week’s issue focus on the use of ipilimumab and decitabine for patients with myelodysplasia (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) before and after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for high-risk disease. In the first article, Garcia et al report on the results of a phase 1 trial of the combination in 54 patients, demonstrating overall response rate of 52% in patients who are HSCT-naïve and 20% in patients post-HSCT; responses are usually short-lived. In the second article, Penter and colleagues characterize gene expression responses to therapy and conclude that decitabine acts directly to clear leukemic cells while ipilimumab acts on infiltrating lymphocytes in marrow and extramedullary sites. Responses are determined by leukemic cell burden and by the frequency and phenotype of infiltrating lymphocytes. Increasing bone marrow regulatory T cells is identified as a potential …
Show moreApr 2023 • Cold Spring Harbor Meeting; Systems Immunology, 2023
Yi Zhang, Shweta Kukreja, Boning Zhang, Shirley Zhou, Yijia Alva Jiang, Xintao Qiu, Allen Lynch, Clifford Meyer, Myles Brown, Joseph Zhou, Henry Long
Mar 2023 • Ophthalmic Technologies XXXIII, PC123600Z, 2023
Derek Nankivil, Swati Bhargava, Nadav H Ivzan, Steven A Cholewiak, Francesco LaRocca, Austin Roorda, Martin S Banks
Longitudinal chromatic aberration (LCA) and transverse chromatic aberration (TCA) adversely affect retinal image quality. Thus, one expects improved visual performance when chromatic aberrations are minimized or eliminated. Systematic evaluation of the impact of LCA and/or TCA correction under broadband illumination is needed. Thus, we developed a system, called the Binocular Varichroma and Accommodation Measurement System (BVAMS) that can be used to measure and correct the eye’s LCA and TCA and to perform vision tests with custom corrections. We demonstrate a measurable benefit in visual acuity only with both LCA and TCA correction.
Show moreMar 2023 • Blood cancer discovery
Elisa Ten Hacken, Tomasz Sewastianik, Shanye Yin, Gabriela Brunsting Hoffmann, Michaela Gruber, Kendell Clement, Livius Penter, Robert A Redd, Neil Ruthen, Sébastien Hergalant, Alanna Sholokhova, Geoffrey Fell, Erin M Parry, Julien Broséus, Romain Guieze, Fabienne Lucas, María Hernández-Sánchez, Kaitlyn Baranowski, Jackson Southard, Heather Joyal, Leah Billington, Fara Faye D Regis, Elizabeth Witten, Mohamed Uduman, Binyamin A Knisbacher, Shuqiang Li, Haoxiang Lyu, Tiziana Vaisitti, Silvia Deaglio, Giorgio Inghirami, Pierre Feugier, Stephan Stilgenbauer, Eugen Tausch, Matthew S Davids, Gad Getz, Kenneth J Livak, Ivana Bozic, Donna S Neuberg, Ruben D Carrasco, Catherine J Wu
Transformation to aggressive disease histologies generates formidable clinical challenges across cancers, but biological insights remain few. We modeled the genetic heterogeneity of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) through multiplexed in vivo CRISPR-Cas9 B-cell editing of recurrent CLL loss-of-function drivers in mice and recapitulated the process of transformation from indolent CLL into large cell lymphoma [i.e., Richter syndrome (RS)]. Evolutionary trajectories of 64 mice carrying diverse combinatorial gene assortments revealed coselection of mutations in Trp53, Mga, and Chd2 and the dual impact of clonal Mga/Chd2 mutations on E2F/MYC and interferon signaling dysregulation. Comparative human and murine RS analyses demonstrated tonic PI3K signaling as a key feature of transformed disease, with constitutive activation of the AKT and S6 kinases, downmodulation of the PTEN …
Show moreMar 2023 • Cancer Research
Livius Penter, Elisa Ten Hacken, Jackson Southard, Caleb A Lareau, Leif S Ludwig, Shuqiang Li, Donna S Neuberg, Kenneth J Livak, Catherine J Wu
Murine models are indispensable tools for functional genomic studies and preclinical testing of novel therapeutic approaches. Mitochondrial single-cell assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (mtscATAC-seq) enables the dissection of cellular heterogeneity and clonal dynamics by capturing chromatin accessibility, copy-number variations (CNV), and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations, yet its applicability to murine studies remains unexplored. By leveraging mtscATAC-seq in novel chronic lymphocytic leukemia and Richter syndrome mouse models, we report the detection of mtDNA mutations, particularly in highly proliferative murine cells, alongside CNV and chromatin state changes indicative of clonal evolution upon secondary transplant. This study thus demonstrates the feasibility and utility of multi-modal single-cell and natural barcoding approaches to characterize …
Show moreMar 2023 • medRxiv
Joost B Koedijk, Inge van der Werf, Livius Penter, Marijn A Vermeulen, Farnaz Barneh, Alicia Perzolli, Joyce I Meesters-Ensing, Marta Fiocco, Hester A de Groot-Kruseman, Rubina Moeniralam, Kristina Bang Christensen, Billie Porter, Kathleen Pfaff, Jacqueline S Garcia, Scott J Rodig, Catherine J Wu, Henrik Hasle, Stefan Nierkens, Mirjam E Belderbos, C Michel Zwaan, Olaf Heidenreich
Because of the low mutational burden, children with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are thought to have a ‘cold’ tumor microenvironment and consequently, a low likelihood of response to T cell-directed immunotherapies. Here, we provide a multidimensional overview of the tumor immune microenvironment in newly diagnosed pediatric AML. On a cohort level, we demonstrate wide variation in T cell infiltration with nearly one-third of cases harboring an immune-infiltrated bone marrow. These immune-infiltrated cases are characterized by a decreased abundance of M2-like macrophages, which we find to be associated with response to T cell-directed immunotherapy in adult AML. On an organizational level, we reveal the composition of spatially organized immune aggregates in pediatric AML, and show that in the adult setting such aggregates in post-treatment bone marrow and extramedullary sites associate with response to ipilimumab-based therapy. Altogether, our study provides immune correlates of response to T cell-directed immunotherapies and indicates starting points for further investigations into immunomodulatory mechanisms in AML.Statement of significanceThe limited response rates to T cell-directed immunotherapies remain a major challenge in AML. This study reveals the spatial organization of the tumor immune microenvironment in pediatric AML, identifies that immune aggregates associate with response to T cell-directed immunotherapy in the adult setting, and provides starting points for future investigations into immunomodulatory mechanisms in AML.
Show moreMar 2023 • Blood Cancer Discovery
Elisa Ten Hacken, Tomasz Sewastianik, Shanye Yin, Gabriela Brunsting Hoffmann, Michaela Gruber, Kendell Clement, Livius Penter, Robert A Redd, Neil Ruthen, Sébastien Hergalant, Alanna Sholokhova, Geoffrey Fell, Erin M Parry, Julien Broséus, Romain Guieze, Fabienne Lucas, María Hernández-Sánchez, Kaitlyn Baranowski, Jackson Southard, Heather Joyal, Leah Billington, Fara Faye D Regis, Elizabeth Witten, Mohamed Uduman, Binyamin A Knisbacher, Shuqiang Li, Haoxiang Lyu, Tiziana Vaisitti, Silvia Deaglio, Giorgio Inghirami, Pierre Feugier, Stephan Stilgenbauer, Eugen Tausch, Matthew S Davids, Gad Getz, Kenneth J Livak, Ivana Bozic, Donna S Neuberg, Ruben D Carrasco, Catherine J Wu
Transformation to aggressive disease histologies generates formidable clinical challenges across cancers, but biological insights remain few. We modeled the genetic heterogeneity of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) through multiplexed in vivo CRISPR-Cas9 B-cell editing of recurrent CLL loss-of-function drivers in mice and recapitulated the process of transformation from indolent CLL into large cell lymphoma [i.e., Richter syndrome (RS)]. Evolutionary trajectories of 64 mice carrying diverse combinatorial gene assortments revealed coselection of mutations in Trp53, Mga, and Chd2 and the dual impact of clonal Mga/Chd2 mutations on E2F/MYC and interferon signaling dysregulation. Comparative human and murine RS analyses demonstrated tonic PI3K signaling as a key feature of transformed disease, with constitutive activation of the AKT and S6 kinases, downmodulation of the PTEN …
Show moreFeb 2023 • Journal of Vision
Austin Roorda, Steven A Cholewiak, Swati Bhargava, Nadav H Ivzan, Francesco LaRocca, Derek Nankivil, Martin S Banks
We describe a system—the Binocular Varichrome and Accommodation Measurement System—that can be used to measure and correct the eye’s longitudinal and transverse chromatic aberration (LCA and TCA) and to perform vision tests with custom corrections. We used the system to investigate how LCA and TCA affect visual performance. Specifically, we studied the effects of LCA and TCA on visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and chromostereopsis. LCA exhibited inter subject variability but followed expected trends compared with previous reports. TCA at the fovea was variable between individuals but with a tendency for the shift at shorter wavelengths to be more temporalward in the visual field in each eye. We found that TCA was generally greater when LCA was corrected. For visual acuity, we found that a measurable benefit was realized only with both LCA and TCA correction unless the TCA was low. For contrast sensitivity, we found that the best sensitivity to a 10-cycle/degree polychromatic grating was attained when LCA and TCA were corrected. Finally, we found that the primary cause of chromostereopsis is the TCA of the eyes.
Show moreFeb 2023 • Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Official Publication of the American Society for Transplantation and Cellular Therapy
Nicoletta Cieri, Nidhi Hookeri, Kari Stromhaug, Jonathan Stevens, Kameron Kooshesh, Helen Ji, Susan Klaeger, Karl R Clauser, Siranush Sarkizova, David A Braun, Livius Penter, Giacomo Oliveira, Haesook T Kim, William J Lane, Shuqiang Li, Kenneth J Livak, Vincent T Ho, Jerome Ritz, Robert J Soiffer, Derin B Keskin, Chip Stewart, Alexander Gusev, Gad Getz, Catherine J Wu
At the core of the therapeutic effect of HLA-matched allo-HCT is T cell alloreactivity against minor histocompatibility antigens (mHAgs), polymorphic peptides resulting from donor-recipient disparity at sites of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Despite their crucial role in GvL and GvHD, only few mHAgs have been characterized to date. To systematically identify autosomal and Y chromosome-encoded mHAgs, we devised a computational pipeline based on: i) comparison of whole exomes (WES) from donor-recipient pairs to define recipient-restricted exonic non-synonymous SNPs; ii) expression filters built by incorporating the analysis of single-cell RNA expression profiles from normal and malignant hematopoietic cells, and GvHD target organs (skin, liver, GI, lung, oral mucosa and lacrimal gland). Identified recipient-restricted SNPs, expressed in GvL or GvHD tissues, then underwent HLA-I binding prediction …
Show moreFeb 2023 • Journal of Vision
Austin Roorda, Steven A Cholewiak, Swati Bhargava, Nadav H Ivzan, Francesco LaRocca, Derek Nankivil, Martin S Banks
We describe a system—the Binocular Varichrome and Accommodation Measurement System—that can be used to measure and correct the eye’s longitudinal and transverse chromatic aberration (LCA and TCA) and to perform vision tests with custom corrections. We used the system to investigate how LCA and TCA affect visual performance. Specifically, we studied the effects of LCA and TCA on visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and chromostereopsis. LCA exhibited inter subject variability but followed expected trends compared with previous reports. TCA at the fovea was variable between individuals but with a tendency for the shift at shorter wavelengths to be more temporalward in the visual field in each eye. We found that TCA was generally greater when LCA was corrected. For visual acuity, we found that a measurable benefit was realized only with both LCA and TCA correction unless the TCA was low. For contrast sensitivity, we found that the best sensitivity to a 10-cycle/degree polychromatic grating was attained when LCA and TCA were corrected. Finally, we found that the primary cause of chromostereopsis is the TCA of the eyes.
Show moreJan 2023 • Blood Journal
Livius Penter, Yang Liu, Jacquelyn O Wolff, Lin Yang, Len Taing, Aashna Jhaveri, Jackson Southard, Manishkumar Patel, Nicole Cullen, Kathleen Lindahl Pfaff, Nicoletta Cieri, Giacomo Oliveira, Seunghee Kim-Schulze, Srinika Ranasinghe, Rebecca Leonard, Taylor Robertson, Elizabeth A Morgan, Helen Chen, Minkyung H Song, Magdalena Thurin, Shuqiang Li, Scott J Rodig, Carrie Cibulskis, Stacey Gabriel, Pavan Bachireddy, Jerome Ritz, Howard Streicher, Donna Neuberg, F Stephen Hodi, Sacha Gnjatic, Matthew S Davids, Kenneth J Livak, Jennifer Altreuter, Franziska Michor, Robert J Soiffer, Jacqueline S Garcia, Catherine J Wu
The challenge of eradicating leukemia for patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) following initial cytoreduction has motivated modern efforts to combine synergistic active modalities including immunotherapy. Recently, the ETCTN/CTEP 10026 (NCT02890329) study tested the combination of the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor decitabine together with the immune checkpoint inhibitor ipilimumab for AML/myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) either following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) or in the HSCT-naïve setting. Integrative transcriptome-based analysis of 304,961 individual marrow-infiltrating cells for 18 of 48 subjects treated on study revealed the strong association of response with a high baseline ratio of T to AML cells. Clinical responses were predominantly driven by decitabine-induced cytoreduction. Evidence of immune activation was only apparent following ipilimumab …
Show moreJan 2023 • Cancer discovery
Yadira M Soto-Feliciano, Francisco J Sánchez-Rivera, Florian Perner, Douglas W Barrows, Edward R Kastenhuber, Yu-Jui Ho, Thomas Carroll, Yijun Xiong, Disha Anand, Alexey A Soshnev, Leah Gates, Mary Clare Beytagh, David Cheon, Shengqing Gu, X Shirley Liu, Andrei V Krivtsov, Maximiliano Meneses, Elisa de Stanchina, Richard M Stone, Scott A Armstrong, Scott W Lowe, C David Allis
Menin interacts with oncogenic MLL1-fusion proteins, and small molecules that disrupt these associations are in clinical trials for leukemia treatment. By integrating chromatin-focused and genome-wide CRISPR screens with genetic, pharmacologic, and biochemical approaches, we discovered a conserved molecular switch between the MLL1–Menin and MLL3/4–UTX chromatin-modifying complexes that dictates response to Menin–MLL inhibitors. MLL1–Menin safeguards leukemia survival by impeding the binding of the MLL3/4–UTX complex at a subset of target gene promoters. Disrupting the Menin–MLL1 interaction triggers UTX-dependent transcriptional activation of a tumor-suppressive program that dictates therapeutic responses in murine and human leukemia. Therapeutic reactivation of this program using CDK4/6 inhibitors mitigates treatment resistance in leukemia cells that are …
Show moreDec 2022 • Cancer Immunology Research
Yi Zhang, Guanjue Xiang, Yijia Alva Jiang, Allen Lynch, Zexian Zeng, Chenfei Wang, Wubing Zhang, Jingyu Fan, Jiajinlong Kang, Shengqing Gu, Changxin Wan, Boning Zhang, Shirley Liu, Myles Brown, Clifford Meyer
Recent advances in single-cell RNA sequencing have revealed heterogeneous cell types and gene expression states in the non-cancerous cells in tumors. The integration of multiple scRNA-seq datasets across tumors can reveal common cell types and states in the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, tumor scRNA analysis relies on clustering cells and annotating with markers from experts. Subsequent challenges include inconsistent cell type and state definition, different marker usage among studies, and that clustering doesn’t find continuous cell states. We developed a data-driven framework, MetaTiME, to overcome the limitations in resolution and consistency that result from manual labeling using known gene markers. Using millions of TME single cells, MetaTiME learns meta-components that encode independent components of gene expression observed across cancer types. The meta-components are …
Show moreDec 2022 • Cancer Immunology Research
Zexian Zeng, Shengqing Stan Gu, Nofal Ouardaoui, Carly Tymm, Lin Yang, Cheryl J Wong, Dian Li, Wubing Zhang, Xiaoqing Wang, Jason L Weirather, Scott J Rodig, F Stephen Hodi, Myles Brown, X Shirley Liu
MHC-II is known to be mainly expressed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells. Evidence suggests MHC-II is also expressed by cancer cells and may be associated with better immunotherapy responses. However, the role and regulation of MHC-II in cancer cells remain unclear. In this study, we leveraged data mining and experimental validation to elucidate the regulation of MHC-II in cancer cells and its role in modulating the response to immunotherapy. We collated an extensive collection of omics data to examine cancer cell–intrinsic MHC-II expression and its association with immunotherapy outcomes. We then tested the functional relevance of cancer cell–intrinsic MHC-II expression using a syngeneic transplantation model. Finally, we performed data mining to identify pathways potentially involved in the regulation of MHC-II expression, and experimentally validated candidate regulators …
Show moreDec 2022 • Cancer Research
Livius Penter, Elisa ten Hacken, Jackson Southard, Caleb Lareau, Leif S Ludwig, Shuqiang Li, Donna S Neuberg, Kenneth J Livak, Catherine J Wu
Murine models are indispensable tools for functional genomic studies and preclinical testing of novel therapeutic approaches. Mitochondrial single-cell assay for transposase-accessible chromatin (mtscATAC-seq) enables the dissection of cellular heterogeneity and clonal dynamics by capturing chromatin accessibility, copy number variations (CNV), and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations, yet its applicability to murine studies remains unexplored. By leveraging mtscATAC-seq in novel chronic lymphocytic leukemia and Richter syndrome mouse models, we report the detection of mtDNA mutations, particularly in highly proliferative murine cells, alongside CNV and chromatin state changes indicative of clonal evolution upon secondary transplant. This study thus demonstrates the feasibility and utility of multi-modal single-cell and natural barcoding approaches to characterize murine cancer models.
Show moreNov 2022 • Blood
Jacqueline S Garcia, Yael Flamand, Livius Penter, Michael Keng, Benjamin K Tomlinson, Lourdes M Mendez, Paul Koller, Nicole Cullen, Yohei Arihara, Kathleen Pfaff, Jacquelyn O Wolff, Andrew M Brunner, Ilene Galinsky, Asad Bashey, Joseph H Antin, Corey Cutler, Vincent Ho, Brian A Jonas, Marlise R Luskin, Martha Wadleigh, Eric S Winer, Alexandra Savell, Rebecca Leonard, Taylor Robertson, Matthew S Davids, Howard Streicher, Scott J Rodig, Jerome Ritz, Catherine J Wu, Daniel J DeAngelo, Donna Neuberg, Richard M Stone, Robert J Soiffer
Ipilimumab monotherapy has clinical activity in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) who relapse after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) when disease burden is low. We hypothesized that ipilimumab-driven responses required alloreactivity and the addition of decitabine could augment responses without generating excessive toxicity. We conducted a multicenter phase 1 trial of ipilimumab and decitabine (IPI+ DEC) in relapsed, refractory or secondary untreated MDS/AML (CTEP10026; NCT02890329) with patients stratified by transplant status. Patients received a lead-in cycle of decitabine followed by combination therapy with IPI (3, 5, or 10 mg/kg) every 4 weeks for four cycles and then every 8 weeks for up to eight cycles. In total, 48 patients received IPI+ DEC (25 post-HSCT, 23 transplant naïve). In the post-HSCT cohort, 36%(9/25) experienced immune-related adverse events (irAEs …
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