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In this paper, we demonstrate a digital micromirror device (DMD) based optical microscopic apparatus for quantitative differential phase contrast (qDIC) imaging, coherent structured illumination microscopy (SIM), and dual-modality (scattering/fluorescent) imaging. For both the qDIC imaging and the coherent SIM, two sets of fringe patterns with orthogonal orientations and five phase-shifts for each orientation, are generated by a DMD and projected on a sample. A CCD camera records the generated images in a defocusing manner for qDIC and an in-focus manner for coherent SIM. Both quantitative phase images and super-resolved scattering/fluorescence images can be reconstructed from the recorded intensity images. Moreover, fluorescent imaging modality is integrated, providing specific biochemical structures of the sample once using fluorescent labeling. We believe such a simple and versatile apparatus will find wide applications in biomedical fields or life science.

Alu elements are repetitive short interspersed elements prevalent in the primate genome. These repeats account for over 10% of the genome with more than a million highly similar copies. A direct outcome of this is an enrichment in long structures of stable dsRNA, which are the target of adenosine deaminases acting on RNAs (ADARs), the enzymes catalyzing A-to-I RNA editing. Indeed, A-to-I editing by ADARs is extremely abundant in primates: over a hundred million editing sites exist in their genomes. However, despite the radical increase in ADAR targets brought on by the introduction of Alu elements, the few evolutionary conserved editing sites manage to retain their editing levels. Here, we review and discuss the cost of having an unusual amount of dsRNA and editing in the transcriptome, as well as the opportunities it presents, which possibly contributed to accelerating primate evolution.

A detailed investigation is presented for the solvent-free mechanochemical synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles from ε-Zn (OH) 2 crystals by high-energy ball milling. Only a few works have ever explored the dry synthetic route from ε-Zn (OH) 2 to ZnO. The milling process of ε-Zn (OH) 2 was done in ambient conditions with a 1: 100 powder/ball mass ratio, and it produced uniform ZnO nanoparticles with sizes of 10–30 nm, based on the milling duration. The process was carefully monitored and the effect of the milling duration on the powder composition, nanoparticle size and strain, optical properties, aggregate size, and material activity was examined using XRD, TEM, DLS, UV-Vis, and FTIR. The mechanism for the transformation of ε-Zn (OH) 2 to ZnO was studied by TGA and XPS analysis. The study gave proof for a reaction mechanism starting with a phase transition of crystalline ε-Zn (OH) 2 to amorphous Zn (OH …

DTG Group Daniel Gryko's Group METHODOLOGY → DYES → APPLICATIONS Gryko's Group Home News DTG Members Publications (current) Teaching Vacancies 2021 M. Krzeszewski, M. Tasior, M. Grzybowski, DT Gryko Synthesis of Tetraaryl-, Pentaaryl-, and Hexaaryl-1,4-dihydropyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrroles Org. Synth., 2021, 98, 242-262 KV Vygranenko, YM Poronik, A. Wrzosek, A. Szewczyk, DT Gryko Red emissive sulfone-rhodols as mitochondrial imaging agents Chem. Commun., 2021, 57, 7782-7785 Ł. Kielesiński, OW Morawski, CA Barboza, DT Gryko Polarized Helical Coumarins: [1,5] Sigmatropic Rearrangement and Excited-State Intramolecular Proton Transfer J. Org. Chem., 2021, 86, 6148-6159 M. Jacquet, M. Izzo, S. Osella, S. Kozdra, PP Michałowski, D. Gołowicz, K. Kazimierczuk, MT Gorzkowski, A. Lewera, M. Teodorczyk, B. Trzaskowski, R. Jurczakowski, DT Gryko, J. Kargul Development of a universal …

In this paper, we demonstrate a digital micromirror device (DMD) based optical microscopic apparatus for quantitative differential phase contrast (qDIC) imaging, coherent structured illumination microscopy (SIM), and dual-modality (scattering/fluorescent) imaging. For both the qDIC imaging and the coherent SIM, two sets of fringe patterns with orthogonal orientations and five phase-shifts for each orientation, are generated by a DMD and projected on a sample. A CCD camera records the generated images in a defocusing manner for qDIC and an in-focus manner for coherent SIM. Both quantitative phase images and super-resolved scattering/fluorescence images can be reconstructed from the recorded intensity images. Moreover, fluorescent imaging modality is integrated, providing specific biochemical structures of the sample once using fluorescent labeling. We believe such a simple and versatile apparatus will find wide applications in biomedical fields or life science.

We find significant differences between degradation and healing at the surface or in the bulk for each of the different APbBr3 single crystals (A = CH3NH3+, methylammonium (MA); HC(NH2)2+, formamidinium (FA); and cesium, Cs+). Using 1- and 2-photon microscopy and photobleaching we conclude that kinetics dominate the surface and thermodynamics the bulk stability. Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy, as well as results from several other methods, relate the (damaged) state of the halide perovskite (HaP) after photobleaching to its modified optical and electronic properties. The A cation type strongly influences both the kinetics and the thermodynamics of recovery and degradation: FA heals best the bulk material with faster self-healing; Cs+ protects the surface best, being the least volatile of the A cations and possibly through O-passivation; MA passivates defects via methylamine from photo …

The current work presents the fabrication of micrometer‐thick single‐side‐coated surface‐engineered polypropylene (PP) film for versatile flexible electronics applications. Herein, the authors report, for the first time, photopolymerized thin coating of graphene nanofibers (GNFs) and iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) onto non‐polar plastic via surface chemistry. The fabrication is achieved by adopting three consecutive steps; initially corona treated PP films are treated with silane for thin layer silica coating. Then, the silylated PP films are brushed up by pyrrole/GNFs/IONPs mixture, followed by UV exposure. The coated films show surface conductivity in the range of ≈20 S cm−1 at room temperature. Moreover, ≈15 microns of the coated film is tested against electromagnetic waves in the X‐band region (8.2–12.4 GHz) and its shielding behavior (≈24 dB) is confirmed. To demonstrate its wide range of versatility, the …

As magnesium ions have been considered one of the most important cations for numerous physiological and pathological functions since the past century, the selective and specific detection of magnesium ions with chemosensors has drawn considerable interest and became essential in biomedical and biological studies. Herein, we report highly fluorescent boron-doped carbon dots (BCDs) that were synthesized via a simple solvothermal method utilizing catechol as a carbon source and naphthalene boronic acid as the boron source. The obtained BCDs exhibited violet luminescence with a quantum yield of 39.4%, which is higher than that obtained in any previous report. For the first time, the as-prepared BCDs were explored for the highly selective and sensitive detection of Mg2+ ions over Ca2+ ions. This method is based on a fluorescence property resulting from the strong complex formed between Mg2+ and …

A. 1, 4-Bis (4-(tert-butyl) phenyl)-2, 5-bis (4-cyanophenyl)-1, 4-dihydropyrrolo [3, 2-b] pyrrole (1). A three-necked, 200 mL round-bottomed flask (main neck 29/32 joint, side neck 15/25) is equipped with a 5 cm Tefloncoated football shaped magnetic stir bar. All three necks are left open to the atmosphere. Acetic acid (50 mL)(Note 2) and toluene (50 mL)(Note 3) are poured into the flask via a glass funnel. 4-Cyanobenzaldehyde (7.87 g, 60.0 mmol, 2 equiv)(Note 4) is dissolved in the solvent mixture, then 4-tert-butylaniline (9.0 g, 9.6 mL, 60 mmol, 2 equiv)(Note 5) is added via a plastic syringe (Figure 1A). The flask is immersed in a silicone oil bath preheated to 50 C (Notes 6 and 7). The clear yellow solution is stirred for 30 min under air

Among various renewable energy sources, namely, biomass, solar, wind, hydrothermal and geothermal, biomass standout as an environmentally benign, sustainable and an immediate substitute to fossil based fuels. This is due to the abundance of the carbon source in the form of cellulose in the biomass. Cellulose is the major chemical constituent of terrestrial biomass (40-50 wt.%, percentage by weight) with the other constituents being hemicellulose and lignin. However, owing to the extensive inter and intramolecular hydrogen bonding network existing in the cellulose structure, depolymerization of cellulose to monomeric carbohydrate glucose is nearly two orders of magnitude difficult than the hydrolysis of starch to glucose. The extensive inter and intramolecular hydrogen bonding network that hinders the access of acidic proton of the catalyst to attack the reaction site of β-1, 4 glycosidic bonds of cellulose (the linear homopolymer of glucose) is shown pictorially in Figure 1. The hydrogen bonding network within a single chain of glycose polymer in the cellulose structure is called intramolecular hydrogen bonding while such bonding between two neighbouring linear chains of glucose polymers is called as intermolecular hydrogen bonding. The bond energy of such hydrogen bonding is 2 eV which is nearly 3-6 orders of magnitude higher than microwave energy (1.24 x 10-6–1.24 10-3 eV)[1]. Yet, with the application of unconventional and novel methods of activation like microwave irradiation, the acid catalyzed hydrolysis of biomass (cellulose) to monosaccharides is accelerated by facilitating the access of the acidic proton of the chemical …

Nanoparticles having magnetic and fluorescent properties could be considered as a gift to materials scientists due to their unique magneto-optical qualities. Multiple component particles can overcome challenges related with a single component and unveil bifunctional/multifunctional features that can enlarge their applications in diagnostic imaging agents and therapeutic delivery vehicles. Bifunctional nanoparticles that have both luminescent and magnetic features are termed as magnetic nanolights. Herein, we present recent progress of magneto-fluorescent nanoparticles (quantum dots based magnetic nanoparticles, Janus particles, and heterocrystalline fluorescent magnetic materials), comprehensively describing fabrication strategies, types, and biomedical applications. In this review, our aim is not only to encompass the preparation strategies of these special types of magneto-fluorescent nanomaterials but …

A balanced progression through mitosis and cell division is largely dependent on orderly phosphorylation and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis of regulatory and structural proteins. These series of events ultimately secure genome stability and time-invariant cellular properties during cell proliferation. Two of the core enzymes regulating mitotic milestones in all eukaryotes are cyclin dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) with its coactivator cyclin B, and the E3 ubiquitin ligase anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C). Discovering mechanisms and substrates for these enzymes is vital to understanding how cells move through mitosis and segregate chromosomes with high fidelity. However, the study of these enzymes has significant challenges. Purely in vitro studies discount the contributions of yet to be described regulators and misses the physiological context of cellular environment. In vivo studies are …

Following nervous system injuries, such as peripheral or spinal cord injuries, severed nerves must regenerate to reinnervate tissues and restore lost-functionality. In many peripheral nerve injuries surgical intervention is required to bridge the gaps created and facilitate regrowth. The gold standard for peripheral nerve repair remains end-to-end suturing and nerve grafting, yet, these still present unmet challenges and limitation including misalignment of regenerating axons. Following spinal cord injuries currently there are no therapies capable of complete nerve restoration. Tissue engineering strategies include the design of structured tissue-like platforms to support growth and facilitate reconstructions of damaged tissues for both the peripheral and the central nervous systems. In the last two decades efforts to increase accuracy of regeneration through engineering growth-and-alignment promoting platforms …

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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolated from pathogens mediate communication between parasites and their hosts under a variety of physiological and pathological conditions. EVs deliver cell-free messages via a transfer of RNA, proteins, and even DNA to modulate and induce inflammation and to control the host infection process. EVs can provide valuable information on how a pathogen sends messages to other pathogens and hosts (Torrecilhas et al., 2012; Campos et al., 2015; Ofir-Birin and Regev-Rudzki, 2019; Torrecilhas et al. 2020). This Research Topic provides an overview of the mechanism of EV-mediated communication between hosts and viruses, parasites, and fungi. This Research Topic consists of 17 papers, including 8 reviews and 9 original papers. Several studies on this topic assessed the effects of EVs on the interactions between pathogens and hosts, and the mechanisms of EV-mediated communication between hosts and pathogens were also addressed. The first original article published in this Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology Parasite and Host issue is from Duguet’s group (Duguet et al.). They showed that EVs isolated from Caenorhabditis elegans contain microRNAs and small regulators that affect biological processes and comment on their role in host-nematode communication. Parasite-derived miRNAs regulate host immune system mRNAs.The paper by Zhang et al. discusses how Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces (PSCs) and hydatid cysts release EVs that are exosome-like based on size and morphology. The authors analyzed the miRNA, circRNA, and lncRNA profiles of the 20 most abundant …

A balanced progression through mitosis and cell division is largely dependent on orderly phosphorylation and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis of regulatory and structural proteins. These series of events ultimately secure genome stability and time-invariant cellular properties during cell proliferation. Two of the core enzymes regulating mitotic milestones in all eukaryotes are cyclin dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) with its coactivator cyclin B, and the E3 ubiquitin ligase anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C). Discovering mechanisms and substrates for these enzymes is vital to understanding how cells move through mitosis and segregate chromosomes with high fidelity. However, the study of these enzymes has significant challenges. Purely in vitro studies discount the contributions of yet to be described regulators and misses the physiological context of cellular environment. In vivo studies are …