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Nov 2021 • Microscopy Research and Technique

A simple, inexpensive and multi‐scale 3‐D fluorescent test sample for optical sectioning microscopies

Ilya Olevsko, Kaitlin Szederkenyi, Jennifer Corridon, Aaron Au, Brigitte Delhomme, Thierry Bastien, Julien Fernandes, Christopher Yip, Martin Oheim, Adi Salomon

Fluorescence standards allow for quality control and for the comparison of data sets across instruments and laboratories in applications of quantitative fluorescence. For example, users of microscopy core facilities can expect a homogenous and time‐invariant illumination and an uniform detection sensitivity, which are prerequisites for imaging analysis, tracking or fluorimetric pH or Ca2+‐concentration measurements. Similarly, confirming the three‐dimensional (3‐D) resolution of optical sectioning microscopes calls for a regular calibration with a standardized point source. The test samples required for such measurements are typically different ones, they are often expensive and they depend much on the very microscope technique used. Similarly, the ever‐increasing choice among microscope techniques and geometries increases the demand for comparison across instruments. Here, we advocate and …

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Nov 2021 • ChemSusChem

Cover feature: AZ31 magnesium alloy foils as thin anodes for rechargeable magnesium batteries (ChemSusChem 21/2021)

Ananya Maddegalla, Ayan Mukherjee, J Alberto Blázquez, Eneko Azaceta, Olatz Leonet, Aroa R Mainar, Aleksey Kovalevsky, Daniel Sharon, Jean‐Frédéric Martin, Dane Sotta, Yair Ein‐Eli, Doron Aurbach, Malachi Noked

The Cover Feature shows the electrochemical performance of 25 μm AZ31 alloy as anode, in a full magnesium cell with Chevrel phase as cathode, in 0.25 m APC as electrolyte. The use of low concentration of foreign elements in magnesium AZ31 alloy (Al 3%, Zn 1%), increases the mechanical strength and ductility along with resistance to corrosion and weldability, giving similar electrochemical performance compared to 100 μm pure Magnesium metal foil. More information can be found in the Full Paper by A. Maddegalla et al.

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Nov 2021 • Nanotechnology

Nanopatterning of oxide 2-dimensional electron systems using low-temperature ion milling

M D’Antuono, A Kalaboukhov, R Caruso, S Wissberg, S Weitz Sobelman, B Kalisky, G Ausanio, M Salluzzo, D Stornaiuolo

We present a'top-down'patterning technique based on ion milling performed at low-temperature, for the realization of oxide two-dimensional electron system devices with dimensions down to 160 nm. Using electrical transport and scanning Superconducting QUantum Interference Device measurements we demonstrate that the low-temperature ion milling process does not damage the 2DES properties nor creates oxygen vacancies-related conducting paths in the STO substrate. As opposed to other procedures used to realize oxide 2DES devices, the one we propose gives lateral access to the 2DES along the in-plane directions, finally opening the way to coupling with other materials, including superconductors.

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Nov 2021 • International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Latently KSHV-Infected Cells Promote Further Establishment of Latency upon Superinfection with KSHV

Chen Gam ze Letova, Inna Kalt, Meir Shamay, Ronit Sarid

Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a cancer-related virus which engages in two forms of infection: latent and lytic. Latent infection allows the virus to establish long-term persistent infection, whereas the lytic cycle is needed for the maintenance of the viral reservoir and for virus spread. By using recombinant KSHV viruses encoding mNeonGreen and mCherry fluorescent proteins, we show that various cell types that are latently-infected with KSHV can be superinfected, and that the new incoming viruses establish latent infection. Moreover, we show that latency establishment is enhanced in superinfected cells compared to primary infected ones. Further analysis revealed that cells that ectopically express the major latency protein of KSHV, LANA-1, prior to and during infection exhibit enhanced establishment of latency, but not cells expressing LANA-1 fragments. This observation supports the notion that the expression level of LANA-1 following infection determines the efficiency of latency establishment and avoids loss of viral genomes. These findings imply that a host can be infected with more than a single viral genome and that superinfection may support the maintenance of long-term latency.

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Nov 2021 • JOSA B

Light detection and ranging (lidar): introduction

Zeev Zalevsky, Gerald S Buller, Tao Chen, Moshik Cohen, Rory Barton-Grimley

In this introduction we provide an overview of the papers that were accepted for publication in the special issue on light detection and ranging (lidar). Four of the papers were published in JOSA A, and four were published in JOSA B. They represent different aspects of this important and fast-growing field while showing the relevant state-of-the-art achievements currently existing in the field of lidars in the world of science and engineering.

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Nov 2021 • ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering

Phase-dependent photocatalytic activity of bulk and exfoliated defect-controlled flakes of layered copper sulfides under simulated solar light

Madina Telkhozhayeva, Rajashree Konar, Ronit Lavi, Eti Teblum, Bibhudatta Malik, Sharon Ruthstein, Elisa Moretti, Gilbert Daniel Nessim

Sunlight-driven photocatalysis is an environmentally friendly approach to solve ecological issues. The development of simple yet sufficiently stable photocatalytic materials capable of responding to the full-spectrum light remains challenging. Here, we demonstrate the phase transformations of bulk copper sulfides from digenite (Cu9S5) to djurleite (Cu1.97S) and low chalcocite (Cu2S) by the reactive thermal annealing during ambient pressure chemical vapor deposition, followed by their top-down exfoliation. Using multiple techniques, we confirm that monoclinic Cu2S is primarily formed at higher temperatures or greater reaction times and using a reducing atmosphere. We measured the average thickness to be approximately 4 nm for the exfoliated flakes with relatively large lateral sizes of up to 10 μm. We tested the three phases of bulk copper sulfides and their exfoliated forms as photocatalysts for dye degradation …

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Nov 2021 • Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences

Fluorophore spectroscopy in aqueous glycerol solution: the interactions of glycerol with the fluorophore

Haim Feldman, Mark A Iron, Dror Fixler, Sergei Moshkov, Naomi Zurgil, Elena Afrimzon, Mordechai Deutsch

A common perception exists that glycerol provides an inert-like environment modifying viscosity and index of refraction by its various concentrations in aqueous solution. Said perception is herein challenged by investigating the effects of the glycerol environment on the spectroscopic properties of fluorescein, as a representative fluorophore, using steady-state and time-resolved techniques and computational chemistry. Results strongly suggest that the fluorescence quantum yield, measured fluorescence lifetime (FLT), natural lifetime and calculated fluorescence lifetime are all highly sensitive to the presence of glycerol. Glycerol was found to impact both the ground and first excited states of fluorescein, quenching and modifying both absorption and emission spectra, affecting the fundamental electrical dipoles of the ground and first excited singlet states, and lowering FLT and quantum yield. Furthermore, the …

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Nov 2021 • Journal of the American Chemical Society

High energy density rechargeable batteries based on Li metal anodes. The role of unique surface chemistry developed in solutions containing fluorinated organic Co-solvents

Doron Aurbach, Elena Markevich, Gregory Salitra

To date, lithium ion batteries are considered as a leading energy storage and conversion technology, ensuring a combination of high energy and power densities and prolonged cycle life. A critical point for elaboration of high energy density secondary Li batteries is the use of high specific capacity positive and negative electrodes. Among anode materials, Li metal anodes are considerably superior due to having the highest theoretical specific capacity (3860 mAh g–1) and lowest negative redox potential (−3.040 V vs a standard hydrogen electrode). Combination of Li metal anodes with Li[NiCoM]O2-layered cathodes with a high stable specific capacity of about 200 up to 250 mAh g–1 is particularly attractive. The development of advanced electrolyte solutions which ensure effective passivation of the electrodes’ surfaces is of critical importance. Considerable efforts have been focused on fluorinated organic co …

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Nov 2021 • Journal of Experimental Medicine

Inherited SLP76 deficiency in humans causes severe combined immunodeficiency, neutrophil and platelet defects

Atar Lev, Yu Nee Lee, Guangping Sun, Enas Hallumi, Amos J Simon, Keren S Zrihen, Shiran Levy, Tal Beit Halevi, Maria Papazian, Neta Shwartz, Ido Somekh, Sarina Levy-Mendelovich, Baruch Wolach, Ronit Gavrieli, Helly Vernitsky, Ortal Barel, Elisheva Javasky, Tali Stauber, Chi A Ma, Yuan Zhang, Ninette Amariglio, Gideon Rechavi, Ayal Hendel, Deborah Yablonski, Joshua D Milner, Raz Somech

The T cell receptor (TCR) signaling pathway is an ensemble of numerous proteins that are crucial for an adequate immune response. Disruption of any protein involved in this pathway leads to severe immunodeficiency and unfavorable clinical outcomes. Here, we describe an infant with severe immunodeficiency who was found to have novel biallelic mutations in SLP76. SLP76 is a key protein involved in TCR signaling and in other hematopoietic pathways. Previous studies of this protein were performed using Jurkat-derived human leukemic T cell lines and SLP76-deficient mice. Our current study links this gene, for the first time, to a human immunodeficiency characterized by early-onset life-threatening infections, combined T and B cell immunodeficiency, severe neutrophil defects, and impaired platelet aggregation. Hereby, we characterized aspects of the patient's immune phenotype, modeled them with an …

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Nov 2021 • The Journal of Physical Chemistry C

Asymmetric Spin Transport in Colloidal Quantum Dot Junctions

John P Philbin, Amikam Levy, Prineha Narang, Wenjie Dou

The study of charge and spin transport through semiconductor quantum dots is experiencing a renaissance due to recent advances in nanofabrication and the realization of quantum dots as candidates for quantum computing. In this work, we combine atomistic electronic structure calculations with quantum master equation methods to study the transport of electrons and holes through strongly confined quantum dots coupled to two leads with a voltage bias. We find that a competition between the energy spacing between the two lowest quasi-particle energy levels and the strength of the exchange interaction determines the spin states of the lowest two quasi-particle energy levels. Specifically, the low density of electron states results in a spin singlet being the lowest-energy two-electron state, whereas, in contrast, the high density of states and significant exchange interaction result in a spin triplet being the lowest …

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Nov 2021 • Mbio

The Spliced Leader RNA Silencing (SLS) Pathway in Trypanosoma brucei Is Induced by Perturbations of Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Complex, or Mitochondrial Protein Factors …

Uthman Okalang, Bar Mualem Bar-Ner, K Shanmugha Rajan, Nehemya Friedman, Saurav Aryal, Katarina Egarmina, Ronen Hope, Netaly Khazanov, Hanoch Senderowitz, Assaf Alon, Deborah Fass, Shulamit Michaeli

In the parasite Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of human African sleeping sickness, all mRNAs are trans-spliced to generate a common 5′ exon derived from the spliced leader (SL) RNA. Perturbations of protein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) induce the spliced leader RNA silencing (SLS) pathway. SLS activation is mediated by a serine-threonine kinase, PK3, which translocates from the cytosolic face of the ER to the nucleus, where it phosphorylates the TATA-binding protein TRF4, leading to the shutoff of SL RNA transcription, followed by induction of programmed cell death. Here, we demonstrate that SLS is also induced by depletion of the essential ER-resident chaperones BiP and calreticulin, ER oxidoreductin 1 (ERO1), and the Golgi complex-localized quiescin sulfhydryl oxidase (QSOX). Most strikingly, silencing of Rhomboid-like 1 (TIMRHOM1), involved in mitochondrial …

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Nov 2021 • ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

Evaluation of Mg[B(HFIP)4]2-Based Electrolyte Solutions for Rechargeable Mg Batteries

Ben Dlugatch, Meera Mohankumar, Ran Attias, Balasubramoniam Murali Krishna, Yuval Elias, Yosef Gofer, David Zitoun, Doron Aurbach


Nov 2021 • Journal of The Electrochemical Society

Toward high performance all solid-state na batteries: investigation of electrolytes comprising NaPF6, Poly (Ethylene Oxide) and TiO2

Gayathri Peta, Shaul Bublil, Hadas Alon-Yehezkel, Ortal Breuer, Yuval Elias, Nethanel Shpigel, Miryam Fayena-Greenstein, Diana Golodnitsky, Doron Aurbach

Solid electrolytes based on polyethylene oxide (PEO) have been studied for decades, owing to their facile and low-cost processing, good electrochemical stability, and excellent complexation with alkali metal salts. Complexes of PEO with appropriate sodium salts are well known for ionic conduction. Here, pristine NaPF 6: P (EO) 16 and a composite solid electrolyte containing TiO 2 nanowires were investigated as candidates for rechargeable solid-state sodium batteries. Comprehensive electrochemical characterizations were carried out, including ionic conductivity, transference number, and structural stability. At elevated temperatures, the specific capacity of an all-solid-state Na 3 Ti 2 (PO 4) 3 (Na/NTP) sodium battery was 110 mAh g− 1, higher than room-temperature cells with liquid electrolyte solutions. We attribute this behavior to increased conductivity of the polymer electrolyte, induced by the ceramic …

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Nov 2021 • Energy Storage Materials

Boron doped Ni-rich LiNi0. 85Co0. 10Mn0. 05O2 cathode materials studied by structural analysis, solid state NMR, computational modeling, and electrochemical performance

Susai Francis Amalraj, Ravikumar Raman, Arup Chakraborty, Nicole Leifer, Raju Nanda, Sooraj Kunnikuruvan, Tatyana Kravchuk, Judith Grinblat, Vladimir Ezersky, Rong Sun, Francis Leonard Deepak, Christoph Erk, Xiaohan Wu, Sandipan Maiti, Hadar Sclar, Gil Goobes, Dan Thomas Major, Michael Talianker, Boris Markovsky, Doron Aurbach

This work is part of ongoing and systematic investigations by our groups on the synthesis, electrochemical behavior, structural investigations, and computational modeling of the Ni-rich materials Li[NixCoyMnz]O2 (x+y+z=1; x≥0.8) for advanced lithium-ion batteries. This study focuses on the LiNi0.85Co0.10Mn0.05O2 (NCM85) material and its improvement upon doping with B3+ cations. The data demonstrate the substantial improvement of the doped electrodes in terms of cycling performance, lower voltage hysteresis and reduced self-discharge upon high temperature storage. The electronic structure of the undoped and B-doped material was modelled using density functional theory (DFT), which identified interstitial positions as the preferential location of the dopant. DFT models were also used to shed light on the influence of boron on surface segregation, surface stability, and oxygen binding energy in NCM85 …

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Oct 2021 • ACS omega

Optimization of gold nanorod features for the enhanced performance of plasmonic nanocavity arrays

Marianna Beiderman, Ariel Ashkenazy, Elad Segal, Menachem Motiei, Adi Salomon, Tamar Sadan, Dror Fixler, Rachela Popovtzer


Oct 2021 • New Journal of Physics

Optimal detection of ultra-broadband bi-photons with quantum nonlinear SU (1, 1) interference

Nir Nechushtan, Hanzhong Zhang, Mallachi Meller, Avi Pe'er

The visibility of nonlinear SU (1, 1) interference directly reflects the nonclassical properties of entangled bi-photons and squeezed light with practically unlimited bandwidth, high efficiency and ultra-high photon flux, orders of magnitude beyond the abilities of standard photo-detectors. We study experimentally the dependence of the SU (1, 1) visibility on the phase matching conditions and beam parameters in a free-space configuration, and show that maximal SU (1, 1) visibility requires extreme collinear conditions, which deviate from the conditions for maximal nonlinear conversion. We demonstrate near-ideal visibility of∼ 95%(limited only by internal loss) in an ultra-broadband SU (1, 1), interferometer with over 120 THz of squeezed light bandwidth. Utilizing this analysis we demonstrate efficient detection of the spectral phase of single-cycle bi-photons and precise compensation of the dispersion over a full octave …

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Oct 2021 • Journal of the American Chemical Society 143 (43), 17875-17890, 2021

Benchmark test and guidelines for DEER/PELDOR experiments on nitroxide-labeled biomolecules

Olav Schiemann, Caspar A Heubach, Dinar Abdullin, Katrin Ackermann, Mykhailo Azarkh, Elena G Bagryanskaya, Malte Drescher, Burkhard Endeward, Jack H Freed, Laura Galazzo, Daniella Goldfarb, Tobias Hett, Laura Esteban Hofer, Luis Fábregas Ibáñez, Eric J Hustedt, Svetlana Kucher, Ilya Kuprov, Janet Eleanor Lovett, Andreas Meyer, Sharon Ruthstein, Sunil Saxena, Stefan Stoll, Christiane R Timmel, Marilena Di Valentin, Hassane S Mchaourab, Thomas F Prisner, Bela Ernest Bode, Enrica Bordignon, Marina Bennati, Gunnar Jeschke

Distance distribution information obtained by pulsed dipolar EPR spectroscopy provides an important contribution to many studies in structural biology. Increasingly, such information is used in integrative structural modeling, where it delivers unique restraints on the width of conformational ensembles. In order to ensure reliability of the structural models and of biological conclusions, we herein define quality standards for sample preparation and characterization, for measurements of distributed dipole–dipole couplings between paramagnetic labels, for conversion of the primary time-domain data into distance distributions, for interpreting these distributions, and for reporting results. These guidelines are substantiated by a multi-laboratory benchmark study and by analysis of data sets with known distance distribution ground truth. The study and the guidelines focus on proteins labeled with nitroxides and on double …

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Oct 2021 • Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2021

Benchmark Test and Guidelines for DEER/PELDOR Experiments on Nitroxide-Labeled Biomolecules

Olav Schiemann, Caspar A Heubach, Dinar Abdullin, Katrin Ackermann, Mykhailo Azarkh, Elena G Bagryanskaya, Malte Drescher, Burkhard Endeward, Jack H Freed, Laura Galazzo, Daniella Goldfarb, Tobias Hett, Laura Esteban Hofer, Luis Fábregas Ibáñez, Eric J Hustedt, Svetlana Kucher, Ilya Kuprov, Janet Eleanor Lovett, Andreas Meyer, Sharon Ruthstein, Sunil Saxena, Stefan Stoll, Christiane R Timmel, Marilena Di Valentin, Hassane S Mchaourab, Thomas F Prisner, Bela Ernest Bode, Enrica Bordignon, Marina Bennati, Gunnar Jeschke

Distance distribution information obtained by pulsed dipolar EPR spectroscopy provides an important contribution to many studies in structural biology. Increasingly, such information is used in integrative structural modeling, where it delivers unique restraints on the width of conformational ensembles. In order to ensure reliability of the structural models and of biological conclusions, we herein define quality standards for sample preparation and characterization, for measurements of distributed dipole–dipole couplings between paramagnetic labels, for conversion of the primary time-domain data into distance distributions, for interpreting these distributions, and for reporting results. These guidelines are substantiated by a multi-laboratory benchmark study and by analysis of data sets with known distance distribution ground truth. The study and the guidelines focus on proteins labeled with nitroxides and on double electron–electron resonance (DEER aka PELDOR) measurements and provide suggestions on how to proceed analogously in other cases.

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Oct 2021 • ACS Omega

Noninvasive Tracking of Natural Killer Cells Using Gold Nanoparticles

Katerina Shamalov, Rinat Meir, Menachem Motiei, Rachela Popovtzer, Cyrille J Cohen

Natural killer (NK)-cell-based immunotherapy is emerging as an attractive approach for cancer treatment. However, to facilitate and expedite clinical implementation, important questions must be answered regarding the in vivo functionality and trafficking patterns of the transferred cells. We have recently developed a noninvasive cell-tracking technique, based on gold nanoparticles (GNPs) as cell-labeling and contrast agents for whole-body computed tomography (CT) imaging. Herein, we report the implementation of this technique for longitudinal and quantitative tracking of NK cell kinetics, the migration and biodistribution in tumor-bearing mice. NK cells were successfully labeled with GNPs, without impairing their biological function, as assessed both in vitro, by cytokine release and cytotoxicity assays, and in vivo, using a xenograft model of human tumors. Using CT, we longitudinally tracked the migration of …

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Oct 2021 • Sexual Development, 1-18, 2021

Cis-Regulatory Control of Mammalian Sex Determination

Meshi Ridnik, Stefan Schoenfelder, Nitzan Gonen

Sex determination is the process by which an initial bipotential gonad adopts either a testicular or ovarian cell fate. The inability to properly complete this process leads to a group of developmental disorders classified as disorders of sex development (DSD). To date, dozens of genes were shown to play roles in mammalian sex determination, and mutations in these genes can cause DSD in humans or gonadal sex reversal/dysfunction in mice. However, exome sequencing currently provides genetic diagnosis for only less than half of DSD patients. This points towards a major role for the non-coding genome during sex determination. In this review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of non-coding, cis-acting gene regulatory elements and discuss how they may control transcriptional programmes that underpin sex determination in the context of the 3-dimensional folding of chromatin. As a paradigm, we …

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Oct 2021 • JOSA A

Effects of lidar and radar resolution on DNN-based vehicle detection

Itai Orr, Harel Damari, Meir Halachmi, Mark Raifel, Kfir Twizer, Moshik Cohen, Zeev Zalevsky

Vehicle detection plays a critical role in autonomous driving, where two central sensing modalities are lidar and radar. Although many deep neural network (DNN)-based methods have been proposed to solve this task, a systematic and methodological examination on the influence of the data on those methods is still missing. In this work, we examine the effects of resolution on the performance of vehicle detection for both lidar and radar sensors. We propose subsampling methods that can improve the performance and efficiency of DNN-based solutions and offer an alternative approach to traditional sensor-design trade-offs.

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