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2024 • Energy & Environmental Science

Deciphering the dynamic interfacial chemistry of calcium metal anodes

Huijun Lin, Jiayi Meng, Weihua Guo, Renjie Li, Yuyang Yi, Yiyuan Ma, Chi Fai Cheung, Doron Aurbach, Zheng-Long Xu

Calcium (Ca) metal batteries, due to the high crustal abundance and potential for dendrite-free cycling of Ca, are promising alternative to current lithium battery chemistry. Ca deposition in aprotic organic electrolytes had been stalled by ion-blocking passivation layers on Ca metal. This limitation was recently overcome by using borate-based electrolyte solutions, but the electrode/electrolyte interfacial chemistry enabling reversible Ca metal deposition remains unclear. This study elucidates the formation and dynamic evolution of passivation layers upon immersion of Ca metal electrodes and during electrochemical Ca deposition/dissolution processes in a representative calcium tetrakis(hexafluoroisopropyloxy)-borate (Ca[B(hfip)4]2) and glyme electrolyte solution. Upon ageing, a native passivation layer comprising porous Ca metal and Ca ion conducting solid-electrolyte interphase is formed. In subsequent …

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2024

Article Not peer-reviewed version

Anna Kremen, Hagit Aviv, Yaakov Raphael Tischler, Amos Sharoni

Coupling superconducting (SC) contacts to light-emitting layers can lead to remarkable effects, as seen in inorganic quantum-well LEDs with superconducting contacts, where an enhancement in radiative recombination was observed. Additional dramatic effects were theorized if both electrodes are SC, such as correlated emission and 2-photon entanglement. Motivated by this and by the question if proximity induced SC is possible in organic light emitting materials, we studied the electronic properties of stacked SC-organic-SC devices. Our structures consisted of Nb (bottom) and NbN (top) SC electrodes and a spin-coated light emitting semiconductor polymer, MEH-PPV. Sputtering the SC directly on the polymer causes pinhole, which we prevent by ultra-slow deposition of a 5 nm aluminum film, before depositing the top SC in-situ. The Al protects the organic film from damage and pinhole formation, while preserving SC in the top electrodes due to proximity effect between Al and NbN. Electrical transport measurements of the completed junctions indicate that indeed, the top and bottom contacts are superconducting and the protected MEH-PPV layer is pinholefree, as supported by HR-TEM and EDS. Most important, we find that as the temperature is decreased below the critical temperature of the SCs, the device shows evidence for proximity effect in the MEH-PPV and for a Josephson effect in the device.

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2024

Commercial Scale Quantification of Lignin

Amudhavalli Victor, Indra Neel Pulidindi, Suresh Selvaraj, Aharon Gedanken

Lignin, an aromatic biopolymer, in the terrestrial lignocellulosic biomass constitutes the single largest and sustainable source of biofuels and biochemicals. The recalcitrant nature of lignin is a hindrance to its chemical or biochemical conversion. Moreover, its insolubility in water too is a major challenge in its quantification which is a necessary step prior to and after its conversion. Though there are celebrated quantification methods like the classical Klason lignin method and the acetyl bromide solubilisation (ABSL) method they are not environmentally friendly as harmful chemicals are used in these processes. State of the art analytical techniques based on NMR, HPLC and GC-MS are also being developed for the quantification of lignin owing to the strategic significance of its detection and estimation. Addressing these issues, herein we report a simple and environmentally friendly method for the quantification of lignin (alkali, low sulfonate content) in a two-step process using water as the solvent for the solubilisation of lignin, which is indeed a breakthrough. Clear aqueous solutions of lignin were obtained by high-speed stirring using an ultra-turrax. The aqueous solutions of lignin showed characteristic absorbance at 306 nm. A linear relationship between the amount of lignin and the absorbance at 306 nm is observed that formed the basis of this novel analytical method for the quantification of lignin.

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2024 • Journal of Biophotonics

Microsaccades tracking by secondary speckle pattern analysis

Ola Shteinberg, Sergey Agdarov, Yafim Beiderman, Yoram S Bonneh, Inbal Ziv, Zeev Kalyuzhner, Zeev Zalevsky

Here we propose a not pupil‐dependent microsaccades tracking technique and a novel detection method. We present a proof of concept for detecting microsaccades using a non‐contact laser‐based photonic system recording and processing the temporal changes of speckle patterns scattered from an eye sclera. The data, simultaneously recorded by the speckle‐based tracker (SBT) and the video‐based eye tracker (Eyelink), was analyzed by the frequently used detection method of Engbert and Kliegl (E&K) and by advanced machine learning detection (MLD) techniques. We detected 93% of microsaccades in the SBT data out of microsaccades detected in the Eyelink data with the E&K method. By utilizing MLD, a precision of 86% was achieved. The findings of our study demonstrate a potential improvement in measuring tiny eye movements, such as microsaccades, using speckle‐based eye tracking and, thus …

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2024 • Journal of Materials Chemistry A

To what extent do anions affect the electrodeposition of Zn?

Gil Bergman, Netta Bruchiel-Spanier, Omer Bluman, Noam Levi, Sara Harpaz, Fyodor Malchick, Langyuan Wu, Masato Sonoo, Munseok S Chae, Guoxiu Wang, Daniel Mandler, Doron Aurbach, Yong Zhang, Netanel Shpigel, Daniel Sharon

Zinc metal, with its high theoretical capacity and low cost, stands out as a promising anode material for affordable high energy-density storage technologies in rechargeable batteries. However, obtaining a high level of reversibility in zinc electrodeposition, which is pivotal for the success of rechargeable zinc-metal-based batteries, remains a significant challenge. A critical factor in this regard is the physicochemical characteristics of the electrolyte solution. Previous studies have indicated that adjusting the electrolyte solutions' composition with additives or co-solvents, along with fine-tuning concentrations and pH levels, can enhance the reversibility and kinetics of Zn deposition/stripping. However, the precise impact of Zn salts counter anions in the electrolyte solutions on these processes is not fully understood yet. Aiming to focus on the key fundamental aspects related to the electrolytes' influences on the Zn …

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2024 • Advanced Optical Materials

Near‐Field Nanospectroscopy and Mode Mapping of Lead Telluride Hoppercubes

Sukanta Nandi, Tamir Shimoni, Eyal Yitzchaik, Tomer Lewi

Lead chalcogenides are compelling materials for nanophotonics and optoelectronics due to their high refractive indices, extreme thermo‐optic coefficients, and high transparency in the mid‐infrared (MIR). In this study, PbTe hoppercubes (HC, face‐open box cubes) are synthesized and explored for their MIR resonant characteristics. Single‐particle microspectroscopy uncovered deep‐subwavelength light localization, with a spectral response dominated by both fundamental and multiple high‐order Mie‐resonant modes. Nanoimaging mapping using scattering‐type scanning near‐field optical microscopy (s‐SNOM) reveals that the scattering at the center of the HC is reduced by more than five times compared to the edges. 2D‐Hyperspectral scans conducted using a low‐power broadband MIR source and nanometer spatial resolutions provided information on the local amplitude and phase‐resolved near‐fields …

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2024 • Nanoscale Advances

Impact of synthesis methods on the functionality of antibody-conjugated gold nanoparticles for targeted therapy

Adi Anaki, Chen Tzror-Azankot, Menachem Motiei, Tamar Sadan, Rachela Popovtzer

Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are emerging as promising modular platforms for antibody-based cancer therapeutics. Their unique physiochemical properties enable efficient binding of multiple antibodies upon a single particle, thereby enhancing therapeutic potential. However, the effect of widely used synthesis techniques on the characteristics and functionality of antibody-GNP platforms has yet to be fully understood. Here, we investigated the effect of key synthesis approaches, namely, covalent binding and physical adsorption, on the properties and anti-cancer functionality of antibody-coated GNPs. By carefully manipulating synthesis variables, including antibody mass in reaction and linker compositions, we revealed a direct impact of these synthesis methods on antibody binding efficiency and anti-cancer functionality. We found that covalent binding of antibodies to GNPs generated a platform with increased …

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2024 • Nanoscale

Morphological and structural design through hard-templating of PGM-free electrocatalysts for AEMFC applications

Hilah Honig, Silvia Mostoni, Yan Presman, Rifael Z Snitkoff, Paolo Valagussa, Massimiliano D'Arienzo, Roberto Scotti, Carlo Santoro, Mohsin Muhyuddin, Lior Elbaz

This study delves into the critical role of customized material design and synthesis methods in influencing the performance of electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs). It introduces a novel approach to obtain platinum-free electrocatalysts (PGM-free), based on the controlled integration of iron active sites onto the surface of silica nanoparticles (NPs) by using nitrogen-based surface ligands. These NPs are used as hard templates to form tailored nanostructured electrocatalysts with an improved iron dispersion into the carbon matrix. Utilizing a wide array of analytical techniques including infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies, X-ray diffraction and surface area measurements, this work provides insight into the physical parameters that are critical for the ORR electrocatalysis with PGM-free electrocatalysts. These findings underscore the potential …

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2024

Engineering Atomically Dispersed and Accessible Active Moieties in Fe-N-Cs

M Muhyuddin, H Honig, S Mostoni, P Valagussa, M D’Arienzo, R Scotti, L Elbaz, C Santoro

Engineering Atomically Dispersed and Accessible Active Moieties in Fe-N-Cs IRIS IRIS Home Sfoglia Macrotipologie & tipologie Dipartimento Autore Titolo Tipologia Settore Scientifico Disciplinare IT Italiano Italiano English English LOGIN 1.IRIS 2.Pubblicazioni 3.02 - Intervento a convegno Muhyuddin, M., Honig, H., Mostoni, S., Valagussa, P., D’Arienzo, M., Scotti, R., et al. (2024). Engineering Atomically Dispersed and Accessible Active Moieties in Fe-N-Cs. Intervento presentato a: 37th Topical Meeting of the International Society of Electrochemistry, Stresa, Italy. Engineering Atomically Dispersed and Accessible Active Moieties in Fe-N-Cs M. Muhyuddin Primo ; S. Mostoni;P. Valagussa;massimiliano D’Arienzo;R. Scotti; C. Santoro 2024 Scheda breve Scheda completa Scheda completa (DC) SFX Query Tipo di intervento abstract + poster Parole chiave oxygen reduction reaction, electrocatalysts, ORR, hard …

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2024 • bioRxiv

nf-core/airrflow: an adaptive immune receptor repertoire analysis workflow employing the Immcantation framework

Gisela Gabernet, Susanna Marquez, Robert Bjornson, Alexander Peltzer, Hailong Meng, Edel Aron, Noah Yann Lee, Cole Jensen, David Ladd, Friederike Hanssen, Simon Heumos, nf-core community, Gur Yaari, Markus C Kowarik, Sven Nahnsen, Steven H Kleinstein

Adaptive Immune Receptor Repertoire sequencing (AIRR-seq) is a valuable experimental tool to study the immune state in health and following immune challenges such as infectious diseases, (auto)immune diseases, and cancer. Several tools have been developed to reconstruct B cell and T cell receptor sequences from AIRR-seq data and infer B and T cell clonal relationships. However, currently available tools offer limited parallelization across samples, scalability or portability to high-performance computing infrastructures. To address this need, we developed nf-core/airrflow, an end-to-end bulk and single-cell AIRR-seq processing workflow which integrates the Immcantation Framework following BCR and TCR sequencing data analysis best practices. The Immcantation Framework is a comprehensive toolset, which allows the processing of bulk and single-cell AIRR-seq data from raw read processing to clonal inference. nf-core/airrflow is written in Nextflow and is part of the nf-core project, which collects community contributed and curated Nextflow workflows for a wide variety of analysis tasks. We assessed the performance of nf-core/airrflow on simulated sequencing data and show example results with real datasets. To demonstrate the applicability of nf-core/airrflow to the high-throughput processing of large AIRR-seq datasets, we validated and extended previously reported findings of convergent antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 by analyzing 97 COVID-19 infected individuals and 99 healthy controls retrieved from public databases. nf-core/airrflow is available free of charge, under the MIT license on GitHub (https://github.com/nf-core …

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2024 • Magnetic Polymer Composites and Their Emerging Applications, 258-288, 2024

Surface-Engineered Magnetic Nanoparticles (Iron Oxides) and Their Therapeutic Applications

Sayan Ganguly, Shlomo Margel

In recent years, there has been a lot of interest in biodegradable surface-engineered iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) because they could be used in drug delivery and other biomedical fields. This chapter gives an overview of the current state of research on how to make biodegradable IONPs, how to engineer their surfaces, and how to make them work for drug delivery and other biomedical applications. Because these nanoparticles are biodegradable, they will break down and leave the body in a safe way, reducing worries about toxicity. Also, the surface of IONPs can be changed to make them more stable, biocompatible, and able to target specific cells or tissues. This makes it easier for drugs to get to where they need to go. The review talks about how natural polymers, peptides, and targeting ligands are used to change the surface, as well as how these changes affect the physicochemical properties and …

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2024 • International Journal of Biological Sciences

Towards a “Testis in a Dish”: Generation of Mouse Testicular Organoids that Recapitulate Testis Structure and Expression Profiles

Aviya Stopel, Cheli Lev, Stav Dahari, Or Adibi, Leah Armon, Nitzan Gonen

The testis is responsible for sperm production and androgen synthesis. Abnormalities in testis development and function lead to disorders of sex development and male infertility. Currently, no in vitro system exists for modelling the testis. Here, we generated testis organoids from neonatal mouse primary testicular cells using transwell inserts and show that these organoids generate tubule-like structures and cellular organization resembling that of the in vivo testis. Gene expression analysis of organoids demonstrates a profile that recapitulates that observed in in vivo testis. Embryonic testicular cells, but not adult testicular cells are also capable of forming organoids. These organoids can be maintained in culture for 8-9 weeks and shows signs of entry into meiosis. We further developed defined media compositions that promote the immature versus mature Sertoli cell and Leydig cell states, enabling organoid …

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2024 • bioRxiv

The prevalent NR2E3 c.932G>A mutation induces aberrant splicing that can be rescued using splice-shifting antisense oligonucleotides

Yehezkel Sztainberg, Maya David Teitelbaum, Ilana Buchumenski, Hagit Porath, Dror Sharon, Eyal Banin, Rotem Karni, Erez Y Levanon, Ariel Feiglin

Mutations in NR2E3 have been implicated in several progressive retinal disease phenotypes such as enhanced S-cone syndrome, Goldmann-Favre syndrome and retinitis pigmentosa. One of the most frequent mutations in NR2E3 is c.932G>A (p.R311Q), where pathogenicity is thought to stem from the resulting amino acid substitution. However, multiple studies that evaluated the effect of this substitution on the protein, did not elucidate the molecular basis underlying the pathogenicity. Primed by bioinformatic analyses, we hypothesized and experimentally validated that the NR2E3 c.932G>A mutation leads to aberrant splicing which results in a short, non-functional protein isoform. Using cell models expressing WT and mutant constructs of the full NR2E3 sequence (including exonic and intronic regions), we observed that the mutated transcript exhibits a high level (75%) of aberrant splicing through gain of a novel splice acceptor site within exon 6. This mis-splicing results in the in-frame loss of 186 base pairs that code for a portion of the protein ligand binding domain. We further designed and evaluated splice-shifting antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), that circumvented the aberrant splicing. The best performing ASO successfully restored 70% of the total NR2E3 full-length isoform levels and demonstrated rescue of nuclear localization and rhodopsin transcriptional activation. This study demonstrates the importance of understanding splicing consequences of pathogenic mutations, allowing the design and development of ASO-based therapies. Our findings set the stage for the potential treatment of NR2E3-related retinal degeneration caused by …

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2024 • Environmental Science: Nano

Plasmonic-based Raman sensor for ultra-sensitive detection of pharmaceutical waste

Mohamed Hamode, Alon Krause, Maria Shehadeh, Bruria Schmerling, Tchiya Zar, Iddo Pinkas, David Zitoun, Adi Salomon

Pharmaceutical waste and contaminants pose a significant global concern for water and food safety. The detection of piperidine, a common residue in drug and supplement synthesis, is critical due to its toxic nature to both humans and animals. In this study, we develop a plasmonic-based detector for surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) measurements. The plasmonic device is composed of triangular cavities, milled in silver thin film, and protected by a 5 nm SiO2 layer. Due to the confined and enhanced electromagnetic field, remarkable sensitivity to piperidine with a concentration of 10−8 M in water is achieved. Despite the relatively small polarizability of piperidine, high sensitivity is observed even when using a low numerical aperture of 0.3, attributed to the directional scattering from our plasmonic device. Thus, it offers a cost-effective alternative to traditional high numerical aperture used in SERS, and the …

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2024 • Faraday Discussions

Correlation in extended systems: general discussion

Ali Alavi, Kemal Atalar, Timothy C Berkelbach, George H Booth, Garnet Kin-Lic Chan, Francesco A Evangelista, Tamar Goldzak, Andreas Grüneis, Gaurav Harsha, Venkat Kapil, Peter Knowles, Marie-Bernadette Lepetit, Julia Liebert, Arman Nejad, Verena A Neufeld, Trinidad Novoa, Katarzyna Pernal, Felix Plasser, Umatur Rehman, Benjamin X Shi, David P Tew, Zikuan Wang, Carlos Mejuto-Zaera, Dominika Zgid, Andrew Zhu, Tianyu Zhu, Martijn A Zwijnenburg

Verena A. Neufeld opened a general discussion of the paper by Andreas Grüneis: In Table 6 of your article (https://doi. org/10.1039/d4fd00085d), EX top-fcc with CCSD (cT) is 0.41 eV which is similar in magnitude to the (cT)-corr. contribution (− 0.44 eV). How con dent can we be about the EX top and EX fcc comparison at the CCSD (cT) level since full con guration interaction could lower EX top-fcc further?Andreas Grüneis responded: Thank you for raising this important point. On the one hand, we agree that the large triples contribution indicate that higherorder correlation effects could be important. If possible, one should try to apply FCIQMC or other cost-effective and accurate approaches to this system and provide benchmark numbers for CC. On the other hand, the reasonable agreement with the experimentally measured adsorption energy suggests, that higherorder effects could potentially cancel out or are …

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2024 • bioRxiv

Disrupted RNA editing in beta cells mimics early-stage type 1 diabetes

Ehud Knebel, Shani Peleg, Chunhua Dai, Roni Cohen-Fultheim, Benjamin Glaser, Erez Levanon, Alvin Powers, Agnes Klochendler, Yuval Dor

A major hypothesis for the etiology of type 1 diabetes (T1D) postulates initiation by viral infection, leading to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-mediated interferon response; however, a causal virus has not been identified. Here we use a mouse model, corroborated with human data, to demonstrate that endogenous dsRNA in beta-cells can lead to a diabetogenic immune response, thus identifying a virus-independent mechanism for T1D initiation. We found that disruption of the RNA editing enzyme ADAR in beta-cells triggers a massive interferon response, islet inflammation and beta-cell failure, with features bearing striking similarity to early-stage human T1D. Glycolysis via calcium enhances the interferon response, suggesting an actionable vicious cycle of inflammation and increased beta-cell workload.

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2024 • physica status solidi (a)

Photo‐Induced Evolution of Randomly Rough Surfaces of Amorphous Chalcogenide Films

Yuri Kaganovskii, Valentin Freilikher, Michael Rosenbluh

Photo‐induced evolution of statistically rough surfaces of amorphous chalcogenide films As20Se80 at room temperature has been studied by measuring the angular dependence of the intensity of light scattered from a surface illuminated by cw laser (λ = 660 nm). The interpretation of the scattering data based on the resonant scattering theory enabled to confirm unequivocally the diffusion mechanism of PI mass transfer. It was detected that the change of the amplitude of a spatial harmonic in the roughness spectra strongly depended on its period Λ. During illumination, the amplitude increased at Λ > Λ∗, whereas harmonics with Λ < Λ∗ decreased. Λ∗ , which corresponds to zero evolution rate. was found to be 6.7 μm. In accordance with our theoretical prediction, both growth and decrease were exponential with the rates depended on Λ. As the result, the roughness with initial rms height of 50 ‐ 70 nm transformed …

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2024 • bioRxiv

Transposable elements acquire time-and sex-specific transcriptional and epigenetic signatures along mouse fetal gonad development

Isabelle Stevant, Nitzan Gonen, Francis Poulat

Gonadal sex determination in mice is a complex and dynamic process, crucial for the development of functional reproductive organs. The expression of genes involved in this process is regulated by a variety of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. Recently, there has been increasing evidence that transposable elements (TEs), which are a class of mobile genetic elements, play a significant role in regulating gene expression during embryogenesis and organ development. In this study, we aimed to investigate the involvement of TEs in the regulation of gene expression during mouse embryonic gonadal development. Through bioinformatic analysis, we aimed to identify and characterize specific TEs acting as regulatory elements for sex-specific genes, as well as their potential mechanisms of regulation. We identified TE loci expressed in a time- and sex-specific manner along fetal gonad development that correlate positively and negatively with nearby gene expression, suggesting that their expression is integrated to the gonadal regulatory network. Moreover, chromatin accessibility and histone post-transcriptional modification analyses in the differentiating supporting cells revealed that TEs are acquiring sex-specific signature for promoter-, enhancer-, and silencer-like elements with some of them being proximal to critical sex determining genes. Altogether, our study introduces TEs as new potential players of the gene regulatory network controlling gonadal development in mammals.

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2024 • bioRxiv

A highly conserved A-to-I RNA editing event within the glutamate-gated chloride channel GluClα is necessary for olfactory-based behaviors in Drosophila

Galit Shohat-Ophir

A-to-I RNA editing is an important cellular process that modifies genomically encoded information during transcription, to generate various RNA isoforms from a single DNA sequence. It involves the conversion of specific adenosines in the RNA sequence to inosines by ADAR proteins, resulting in their recognition as guanosines by cellular machinery, and as such plays a vital role in neuronal and immune functions. Given the widespread occurrence of A-to-I RNA editing events across the animal kingdom, with thousands to millions of editing sites found in the transcriptomes of organisms such as flies and humans, identifying the critical sites and understanding their in-vivo functions remains a challenging task. Here we show for the first time the physiological importance of a single editing site, found within the extracellular domain of the glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluClα), and bridge the gap between its evolutionary conservation across Drosophila species and its function in shaping the behavior of adult flies. We used genomic editing to ablate editing at this specific site, such that the endogenous channel harbors only the unedited version and used a battery of behavioral paradigms to analyze the effects on various features of adult behavior. We provide evidence that GluClαunedited flies exhibit reduced olfactory responses to both appetitive and aversive odors, as well as impaired pheromone-dependent social interactions, and that editing of this site is required for proper processing of olfactory information in olfactory projection neurons. Our findings demonstrate that evolutionary conservation is a useful criterion to pinpoint which of the many …

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2024 • Journal of Materials Chemistry C

From monolayer to thin films: engineered bandgap in CVD grown Bi 2 Se (3− x) S x topological insulator alloys

Michal Poplinger, Dimitrios Kaltsas, Chen Stern, Pilkhaz Nanikashvili, Adi Levi, Rajesh Kumar Yadav, Sukanta Nandi, Yuxiao Wu, Avinash Patsha, Ariel Ismach, Ashwin Ramasubramaniam, Amaia Pesquera, Amaia Zurutuza, Ioanna Zergiot, Leonidas Tsetseris, Tomer Lewi, Doron Naveh

Topological insulators, a class of materials possessing bulk bandgap and metallic surface states with a topological nontrivial symmetry, are considered promising candidates for emerging quantum and optoelectronic applications. However, achieving scalable growth and control over parameters including thickness, carrier density, bulk bandgap, and defect density remains a challenge in realizing such applications. In this work, we show the scalable growth of topological insulator alloys Bi2Se(3-x)Sx and demonstrate composition-tunable bandgap, using chemical vapor deposition (CVD). A bandgap increase of up to ~40% at a sulfur concentration of ~15% is demonstrated. Correspondingly, the real part (n) of the refractive index is reduced in the alloy by ~25% relative to that of Bi2Se3. Additionally, electronic transport measurements indicate a bulk p-type doping and field-effect tunable metallic surface states of the …

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2024

Analyzing the effect of doping concentration in split-well resonant-phonon terahertz quantum cascade lasers: supplement

SHIRAN LEVY, NATHALIE LANDER GOWER, SILVIA PIPERNO, SADHVIKAS J ADDAMANE, JOHN L RENO, ASAF ALBO

Analyzing the effect of doping concentration in split-well resonant-phonon terahertz quantum cascade lasers: supplement Page 1 Supplemental Document Analyzing the effect of doping concentration in split-well resonant-phonon terahertz quantum cascade lasers: supplement SHIRAN LEVY,1,2,† NATHALIE LANDER GOWER,1,2,† SILVIA PIPERNO,1,2 SADHVIKAS J. ADDAMANE,3 JOHN L. RENO,3 AND ASAF ALBO 1,2,∗ 1Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel 2The Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel 3Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, MS 1303, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1303, USA †These authors contributed equally to this work ∗ asafalbo@gmail.com This supplement published with Optica Publishing Group on 18 March 2024 by The Authors under the terms of the …

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