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Jul 2024 • arXiv preprint arXiv:2407.06369

Loss-resilient, efficient x-ray interaction-free measurements

Ron Cohen, Sharon Shwartz, Eliahu Cohen

Interaction-free measurement (IFM) is a promising technique for low-dose detection and imaging, offering the unique advantage of probing an object without absorption of the interrogating photons. We propose an experiment to demonstrate IFM in the single x-ray photon regime. The proposed scheme relies on the triple-Laue (LLL) symmetric x-ray interferometer, where each Laue diffraction acts as a lossy beamsplitter. In contrast to many quantum effects which are highly vulnerable to loss, we show that an experimental demonstration of this effect in the x-ray regime is feasible and can achieve high IFM efficiency even in the presence of substantial loss in the system. The latter aspect is claimed to be a general property of IFM based on our theoretical analysis. We scrutinize two suitable detection schemes that offer efficiencies of up to . The successful demonstration of IFM with x-rays promises intriguing possibilities for measurements with reduced dose, mainly advantageous for biological samples, where radiation damage is a significant limitation.

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Jul 2024 • Nano Letters

Non-classical Euler buckling and Brazier instability in cylindrical liquid droplets

Emery Hsu, Daeyeon Lee, Eli Sloutskin

Crystalline monolayers prevalent in nature and technology possess elusive elastic properties with important implications in fundamental physics, biology, and nanotechnology. Leveraging the recently discovered shape transitions of oil-in-water emulsion droplets, upon which these droplets adopt cylindrical shapes and elongate, we investigate the elastic characteristics of the crystalline monolayers covering their interfaces. To unravel the conditions governing Euler buckling and Brazier kink formation in these cylindrical tubular interfacial crystals, we strain the elongating cylindrical droplets within confining microfluidic wells. Our experiments unveil a nonclassical relation between the Young’s modulus and the bending modulus of these crystals. Intriguingly, this relation varies with the radius of the cylindrical crystal, presenting a nonclassical mechanism for tuning of elasticity in nanotechnology applications.

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Jul 2024 • arXiv preprint arXiv:2407.08899

Directed Motion and Spatial Coherence in the Cell Nucleus

M Hidalgo-Soria, Y Haddad, E Barkai, Y Garini, S Burov

Investigating the dynamics of chromatin and the factors that are affecting it, has provided valuable insights into the organization and functionality of the genome in the cell nucleus. We control the expression of Lamin-A, an important organizer protein of the chromatin and nucleus structure. By simultaneously tracking tens of chromosomal loci (telomeres) in each nucleus, we find that the motion of chromosomal loci in Lamin-A depleted cells is both faster and more directed on a scale of a few micrometers, which coincides with the size of chromosome territories. Moreover, in the absence of Lamin-A we reveal the existence of correlations among neighboring telomeres. We show how these pairwise correlations are linked with the intermittent and persistent character of telomere trajectories, underscoring the importance of Lamin-A protein in chromosomal organization.

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Jul 2024 • IEEE Transactions on Magnetics

Two-Axis planar Hall magnetic field sensors with sub nanoTesla resolution

PT Das, H Nhalil, V Mor, M Schultz, N Hasidim, A Grosz, L Klein

The planar Hall effect (PHE) magnetic sensors are attractive for various applications, where the field resolution is required in the range of sub-nanotesla or in picotesla. Here, we present a detailed noise study of PHE sensors consisting of two or three intersecting ellipses. It can be used to measure two components of the magnetic field vector in the sensor plane in particular along the two perpendicular easy axes in the overlapping region for two intersecting ellipses and three easy axes at an angle of 60° for three crossing ellipses. Thus, for each remanent magnetic state in the overlap area, the sensor can measure the vector component of the magnetic field perpendicular to the direction of the remanent magnetization. The two field components are measured with a field resolution pT/ Hz at 10 Hz and 350 pT/ Hz at 1 Hz in the same region, while maintaining a similar size and noise level of a single-axis …

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Jul 2024 • arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01874

Nonrelativistic spatiotemporal quantum reference frames

Michael Suleymanov, Ismael L Paiva, Eliahu Cohen

Quantum reference frames have attracted renewed interest recently, as their exploration is relevant and instructive in many areas of quantum theory. Among the different types, position and time reference frames have captivated special attention. Here, we introduce and analyze a non-relativistic framework in which each system contains an internal clock, in addition to its external (spatial) degree of freedom and, hence, can be used as a spatiotemporal quantum reference frame. Among other applications of this framework, we show that even in simple scenarios with no interactions, the relative uncertainty between clocks affects the relative spatial spread of the systems.

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Jul 2024 • arXiv preprint arXiv:2207.12960

Projective measurements can probe nonclassical work extraction and time correlations

Santiago Hernández-Gómez, Stefano Gherardini, Alessio Belenchia, Matteo Lostaglio, Amikam Levy, Nicole Fabbri

We demonstrate an experimental technique to characterize genuinely nonclassical multi-time correlations using projective measurements with no ancillae. We implement the scheme in a nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond undergoing a unitary quantum work protocol. We reconstruct quantum-mechanical time correlations encoded in the Margenau-Hills quasiprobabilities. We observe work extraction peaks five times those of sequential projective energy measurement schemes and in violation of newly-derived stochastic bounds. We interpret the phenomenon via anomalous energy exchanges due to the underlying negativity of the quasiprobability distribution.

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Jul 2024 • Polymers

Engineering of Silane–Pyrrolidone Nano/Microparticles and Anti-Fogging Thin Coatings

Natalie Mounayer, Shlomo Margel

Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) exhibits remarkable qualities; owing to the strong affinity for water of its pyrrolidone group, which enhances compatibility with aqueous systems, it is effective for stabilizing, binding, or carrying food, drugs, and cosmetics. However, coating the surface of polymeric films with PVP is not practical, as the coatings dissolve easily in water and ethanol. Poly(silane–pyrrolidone) nano/microparticles were prepared by combining addition polymerization of methacryloxypropyltriethoxysilane and N-vinylpyrrolidone, followed by step-growth Stöber polymerization of the formed silane–pyrrolidone monomer. The silane–pyrrolidone monomeric solution was spread on oxidized polyethylene films with a Mayer rod and polymerized to form siloxane (Si-O-Si) self-cross-linked durable anti-fog thin coatings with pyrrolidone groups exposed on the outer surface. The coatings exhibited similar wetting properties to PVP with significantly greater stability. The particles and coatings were characterized by microscopy, contact angle measurements, and spectroscopy, and tested using hot fog. Excellent anti-fogging activity was found.

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Jul 2024 • Journal of Molecular Structure 1297, 136943, 2024

Probing chirality of crystals using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy

Gil Otis, Denial Aias, Ilya Grinberg, Sharon Ruthstein, Yitzhak Mastai

One of the most challenging tasks in analytical chemistry is the determination of the chirality (identi cation of an enantio-meric composition) in solids mainly because of the strict requirements of the pharmaceutical industry for enantiomerically pure drugs. Although there are a few methods available to accomplish enantio-differentiation in solids, for example: X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), CD spectroscopy, and low-frequency (LF) Raman spectroscopy, this is still very challenging. In this work, we have developed a new method to measure the chirality of crystals, based on electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy of chiral crystals doped with Cu2+ as the EPR active ion. Here, we demonstrate our approach using a model system of L-and DL-Histidine crystals doped with Cu2+. We show that EPR measurements of the Cu2+-doped Histidine crystals can accurately determine the chirality and enantiomeric composition of the crystals. We present a very preliminary example of this technique, and we hope that in the future it will be possible to re ne and develop this method for many other chiral organic crystal systems.

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Jul 2024 • Cancer Immunology Research

Targeting Tumor-Associated Sialic Acids Using Chimeric Switch Receptors Based on Siglec-9 Enhances the Antitumor Efficacy of Engineered T Cells

Vasyl Eisenberg, Shiran Hoogi, Erel Katzman, Nimrod Ben Haim, Raphaelle Zur-Toledano, Maria Radman, Yishai Reboh, Oranit Zadok, Iris Kamer, Jair Bar, Irit Sagi, Ayal Hendel, Cyrille J Cohen

Cancer exploits different mechanisms to escape T-cell immunosurveillance, including overexpression of checkpoint ligands, secretion of immunosuppressive molecules, and aberrant glycosylation. Herein, we report that IFNγ, a potent immunomodulator secreted in the tumor microenvironment, can induce α2,6 hypersialylation in cancer cell lines derived from various histologies. We then focused on Siglec-9, a receptor for sialic acid moieties, and demonstrated that the Siglec-9+ T-cell population displayed reduced effector function. We speculated that Siglec-9 in primary human T cells can act as a checkpoint molecule and demonstrated that knocking out Siglec-9 using a CRISPR/Cas9 system enhanced the functionality of primary human T cells. Finally, we aimed to augment cancer-specific T-cell activity by taking advantage of tumor hypersialylation. Thus, we designed several Siglec-9–based chimeric switch …

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Jul 2024 • Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A

Continuous wave laser-assisted evaporation of halide perovskite thin films from a single stoichiometric source

Naga Prathibha Jasti, Shay Tirosh, Ansuman Halder, Eti Teblum, David Cahen

We report continuous wave laser-assisted evaporation (CLE), a thin film deposition technique that yields phase-pure and stoichiometric thin films of halide perovskites (HaPs) from stoichiometric HaP targets. We use methylammonium lead bromide (MAPbBr 3) to demonstrate the ability to grow with CLE well-oriented and smooth thin films on various substrates. Further, we show the broader applicability of CLE by preparing films of several other 3D HaP compounds, viz., methylammonium lead iodide, formamidinium lead bromide, and a 2D one, butylammonium lead iodide. CLE is a single-source, solvent-free, room-temperature process that needs only roughing pump vacuum; it allows the deposition of hybrid organic-inorganic compound films without needing post-thermal treatment or an additional organic precursor source to yield the intended product. The resulting films are polycrystalline and highly oriented. All …

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Jul 2024 • Frontiers in Biomaterials Science 3, 1338115, 2024

Correlated multimodal imaging in life sciences: lessons learnt

Pavitra Sokke Rudraiah, Rafael Camacho, Julia Fernandez-Rodriguez, Dror Fixler, Jan Grimm, Florian Gruber, Matúš Kalaš, Christopher Kremslehner, Claudia Kuntner, Daniela Kuzdas-Wood, Joakim Lindblad, Julia G Mannheim, Martina Marchetti-Deschmann, Perrine Paul-Gilloteaux, Paula Sampaio, Peter Sandbichler, Anna Sartori-Rupp, Nataša Sladoje, Paul Verkade, Andreas Walter, Samuele Zoratto

Correlated Multimodal Imaging (CMI) gathers information about the same specimen with two or more modalities that–combined–create a composite and complementary view of the sample (including insights into structure, function, dynamics and molecular composition). CMI allows one to reach beyond what is possible with a single modality and describe biomedical processes within their overall spatio-temporal context and gain a mechanistic understanding of cells, tissues, and organisms in health and disease by untangling their molecular mechanisms within their native environment. The field of CMI has grown substantially over the last decade and previously unanswerable biological questions have been solved by applying novel CMI workflows. To disseminate these workflows and comprehensively share the scattered knowledge present within the CMI community, an initiative was started to bring together imaging, image analysis, and biomedical scientists and work towards an open community that promotes and disseminates the field of CMI. This community project was funded for the last 4 years by an EU COST Action called COMULIS (COrrelated MUltimodal imaging in the LIfe Sciences). In this review we share some of the showcases and lessons learnt from the action. We also briefly look ahead at how we anticipate building on this initial initiative.

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Jul 2024 • 2024 24th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON), 1-1, 2024

Quantum-adapted all-optical time multiplexing super-resolved imaging

Ariel Ashkenazy, Nadav Shabairou, Dror Fixler, Eliahu Cohen, Zeev Zalevsky

In this presentation we explore a novel scheme for super-resolution that can also be adjusted for quantum sensing case. The scheme is sharing the same ideas of time-multiplexing followed by spatial homodyne detection. In the proposed super-resolving approach, the super resolution is performed without knowing the projected random encoding pattern (i.e. projected on the object) since the decoding is done in an-all optical manner and not in digital post-processing. This is obtained since the same random projected pattern is projected both on the object as well as on the sensing detector. Due to the non-linearity of the detector (it captures intensity) a product between the low-resolution image and the projected high resolution encoding pattern is generated, which is essential for the decoding process. By performing time integration while modifying the projected encoding pattern, a super-resolved image is decoded …

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Jul 2024 • Sensors

Planar Hall Effect Magnetic Sensors with Extended Field Range

Daniel Lahav, Moty Schultz, Shai Amrusi, Asaf Grosz, Lior Klein

The magnetic field range in which a magnetic sensor operates is an important consideration for many applications. Elliptical planar Hall effect (EPHE) sensors exhibit outstanding equivalent magnetic noise (EMN) on the order of pT/Hz, which makes them promising for many applications. Unfortunately, the current field range in which EPHE sensors with pT/Hz EMN can operate is sub-mT, which limits their potential use. Here, we fabricate EPHE sensors with an increased field range and measure their EMN. The larger field range is obtained by increasing the uniaxial shape-induced anisotropy parallel to the long axis of the ellipse. We present measurements of EPHE sensors with magnetic anisotropy which ranges between 12 Oe and 120 Oe and show that their EMN at 10 Hz changes from 800 pT/Hz to 56 nT/Hz. Furthermore, we show that the EPHE sensors behave effectively as single magnetic domains with negligible hysteresis. We discuss the potential use of EPHE sensors with extended field range and compare them with sensors that are widely used in such applications.

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Jul 2024 • Nature Biotechnology

Precise in vivo RNA base editing with a wobble-enhanced circular CLUSTER guide RNA

Philipp Reautschnig, Carolin Fruhner, Nicolai Wahn, Charlotte P Wiegand, Sabrina Kragness, John F Yung, Daniel T Hofacker, Jenna Fisk, Michelle Eidelman, Nils Waffenschmidt, Maximilian Feige, Laura S Pfeiffer, Annika E Schulz, Yvonne Füll, Erez Y Levanon, Gail Mandel, Thorsten Stafforst

Recruiting the endogenous editing enzyme adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR) with tailored guide RNAs for adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA base editing is promising for safely manipulating genetic information at the RNA level. However, the precision and efficiency of editing are often compromised by bystander off-target editing. Here, we find that in 5′-UAN triplets, which dominate bystander editing, G•U wobble base pairs effectively mitigate off-target events while maintaining high on-target efficiency. This strategy is universally applicable to existing A-to-I RNA base-editing systems and complements other suppression methods such as G•A mismatches and uridine (U) depletion. Combining wobble base pairing with a circularized format of the CLUSTER approach achieves highly precise and efficient editing (up to 87%) of a disease-relevant mutation in the Mecp2 transcript in cell culture. Virus …

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Jul 2024 • Advanced Quantum Technologies

Back Cover: Photon Number Splitting Attack–Proposal and Analysis of an Experimental Scheme (Adv. Quantum Technol. 7/2024)

Ariel Ashkenazy, Yuval Idan, Dor Korn, Dror Fixler, Barak Dayan, Eliahu Cohen

Depicted is a novel setup for realizing the photon number splitting (PNS) attack with current-day technology, namely, using the single-photon Raman interaction. In article number 2300437, Eliahu Cohen and co-workers analyze the amount of information which the eavesdropper (Eve) can obtain using this physical realization of PNS, concluding that while part of the secret key is at risk when weak coherent states are used, there is still a price for Eve to pay in terms of the induced noise. This stresses the importance of proper countermeasures.

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Jul 2024 • Journal of The Electrochemical Society

Investigating the Temperature Dependency of Trimethyl Aluminum Assisted Atomic Surface Reduction of Li and Mn-Rich NCM

Eliran Evenstein, Sarah Taragin, Arka Saha, Malachi Noked, Rosy Rosy

Most next-generation electrode materials are prone to interfacial degradation, which eventually spreads to the bulk and impairs electrochemical performance. One promising method for reducing interfacial degradation is to surface engineer the electrode materials to form an artificial cathode electrolyte interphase as a protective layer. Nevertheless, the majority of coating techniques entail wet processes, high temperatures, or exposure to ambient conditions. These experimental conditions are only sometimes conducive and can adversely affect the material structure or composition. Therefore, we investigate the efficacy of a low-temperature, facile atomic surface reduction (ASR) using trimethylaluminum vapors as a surface modification strategy for Li and Mn-rich NCM (LMR-NCM). The results presented herein manifest that the extent of TMA-assisted ASR is temperature-dependent. All tested temperatures …

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Jul 2024 • Molecular Autism

1H-NMR-based metabolomics reveals metabolic alterations in early development of a mouse model of Angelman syndrome

Pooja Kri Gupta, Sharon Barak, Yonatan Feuermann, Gil Goobes, Hanoch Kaphzan

Background Angelman syndrome (AS) is a rare neurodevelopmental genetic disorder caused by the loss of function of the ubiquitin ligase E3A (UBE3A) gene, affecting approximately 1:15,000 live births. We have recently shown that mitochondrial function in AS is altered during mid to late embryonic brain development leading to increased oxidative stress and enhanced apoptosis of neural precursor cells. However, the overall alterations of metabolic processes are still unknown. Hence, as a follow-up, we aim to investigate the metabolic profiles of wild-type (WT) and AS littermates and to identify which metabolic processes are aberrant in the brain of AS model mice during embryonic development. Methods We collected brain tissue samples from mice embryos at E16.5 and performed metabolomic analyses using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy. Multivariate and Univariate analyses were …

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Jul 2024 • IEEE Transactions on Magnetics

Two-Axis planar Hall magnetic field sensors with sub nanoTesla resolution

PT Das, H Nhalil, V Mor, M Schultz, N Hasidim, A Grosz, L Klein

Planar Hall effect (PHE) magnetic sensors are attractive for various applications where the field resolution is required in the range of sub-nano Tesla or in Pico Tesla. Here we present a detailed noise study of the PHE sensors consisting of two or three intersecting ellipses. It can be used to measure two axes of the magnetic field in the sensor plane in particular along the two perpendicular easy axes in the overlapping region for two intersecting ellipses and three easy axes at an angle of 60 degrees for three crossing ellipses. Thus, for each remanent magnetic state in the overlap area, the sensor can measure the vector component of the magnetic field perpendicular to the direction of the remanent magnetization. The two field components are measured with a field resolution ≤ 200 pT/√Hz at 10 Hz and 350 pT/√Hz at 1 Hz in the same region, while maintaining a similar size and noise level of a single-axis sensor …

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Jul 2024 • Carbon

Carbon nanotubes as efficient anode current collectors for stationary aqueous Zn–Br2 batteries

Noam Levi, Gil Bergman, Amey Nimkar, Merav Nadav Tsubery, Arie Borenstein, Alex Adronov, Doron Aurbach, Daniel Sharon, Gilbert Daniel Nessim, Netanel Shpigel

Static Zn-Br2 batteries are considered an attractive option for cost-effective and high-capacity systems for large energy storage. Yet, the corrosive nature of the Zn-Br2 electrolytes entails a careful selection of all cells’ ingredients to avoid rapid degradation of the batteries upon cycling. Thanks to their high chemical resistance and excellent conductivity, carbonaceous electrodes are typically utilized as current collectors for the cathode side, while thin Zn or Ti foils are most widely used as the anodes’ current collectors. However, these metals tend to corrode fast, thus undermining the desirable performance of the cells as durable and stable rechargeable batteries. We demonstrate the effective utilization of carbon nanotubes (CNT) films as highly stable anode current collector for Zn-Br2 batteries. Dispersion of the CNT beforehand in slurries containing anionic, cationic, or neutral surfactants yielded distinct chemical and …

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Jul 2024 • Nature Photonics

Coherently amplified ultrafast imaging using a free-electron interferometer

Tomer Bucher, Harel Nahari, Hanan Herzig Sheinfux, Ron Ruimy, Arthur Niedermayr, Raphael Dahan, Qinghui Yan, Yuval Adiv, Michael Yannai, Jialin Chen, Yaniv Kurman, Sang Tae Park, Daniel J Masiel, Eli Janzen, James H Edgar, Fabrizio Carbone, Guy Bartal, Shai Tsesses, Frank HL Koppens, Giovanni Maria Vanacore, Ido Kaminer

Accessing the low-energy non-equilibrium dynamics of materials and their polaritons with simultaneous high spatial and temporal resolution has been a bold frontier of electron microscopy in recent years. One of the main challenges lies in the ability to retrieve extremely weak signals and simultaneously disentangling the amplitude and phase information. Here we present free-electron Ramsey imaging—a microscopy approach based on light-induced electron modulation that enables the coherent amplification of optical near fields in electron imaging. We provide simultaneous time-, space- and phase-resolved measurements of a micro-drum made from a hexagonal boron nitride membrane, visualizing the sub-cycle dynamics of two-dimensional polariton wavepackets therein. The phase-resolved measurement reveals vortex–anti-vortex singularities on the polariton wavefronts, together with an intriguing …

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Jul 2024 • Scientific Reports

Exploring the effects of molecular beam epitaxy growth characteristics on the temperature performance of state-of-the-art terahertz quantum cascade lasers

Nathalie Lander Gower, Shiran Levy, Silvia Piperno, Sadhvikas J Addamane, Asaf Albo

This study conducts a comparative analysis, using non-equilibrium Green’s functions (NEGF), of two state-of-the-art two-well (TW) Terahertz Quantum Cascade Lasers (THz QCLs) supporting clean 3-level systems. The devices have nearly identical parameters and the NEGF calculations with an abrupt-interface roughness height of 0.12 nm predict a maximum operating temperature (Tmax) of ~ 250 K for both devices. However, experimentally, one device reaches a Tmax of ~ 250 K and the other a Tmax of only ~ 134 K. Both devices were fabricated and measured under identical conditions in the same laboratory, with high quality processes as verified by reference devices. The main difference between the two devices is that they were grown in different MBE reactors. Our NEGF-based analysis considered all parameters related to MBE growth, including the maximum estimated variation in aluminum content …

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