BINA

A fully remote, portable, contactless, affordable alternative to fMRI, EEG, and fNIRS for brain cortex analysis can accelerate innovation in understanding brain function across various fields. We leverage laser speckle pattern tracking technology, which has proven valuable in engineering and bioengineering, and empower it with AI to implement remote brain monitoring. This study investigated brain cortex responses to clear versus incomprehensible speech by projecting a laser beam over Wernicke’s area and analyzing the reflected speckle patterns with a convLSTM-based DNN classifier. The classifier could distinguish brain reactions in unseen subjects with a mean area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.94 when classifying at least 1 second of input speech. The ability to remotely distinguish brain reactions has practical applications in dynamic settings such as sports and real-life activities and for individuals with sensory sensitivities to scalp contact, helmets, or claustrophobic environments.

Off-target effects present a significant impediment to the safe and efficient use of CRISPR-Cas genome editing. Since off-target activity is influenced by the genomic sequence, the presence of sequence variants leads to varying on- and off-target profiles among different alleles or individuals. However, a reliable tool that quantifies genome editing activity in an allelic context is not available. Here, we introduce CRISPECTOR2.0, an extended version of our previously published software tool CRISPECTOR, with an allele-specific editing activity quantification option. CRISPECTOR2.0 enables reference-free, allele-aware, precise quantification of on- and off-target activity, by using de novo sample-specific single nucleotide variant (SNV) detection and statistical-based allele-calling algorithms. We demonstrate CRISPECTOR2.0 efficacy in analyzing samples containing multiple alleles and quantifying allele-specific …

Quantum query complexity mainly studies the number of queries needed to learn some property of a black box with high probability. A closely related question is how well an algorithm can succeed with this learning task using only a fixed number of queries. In this work, we propose measuring an algorithm's performance using the mutual information between the output and the actual value. A key observation is that if an algorithm is only allowed to make a single query and the goal is to optimize this mutual information, then we obtain a task which is similar to a basic task of quantum communication, where one attempts to maximize the mutual information of the sender and receiver. We make this analogy precise by formally considering the oracle as a separate subsystem, whose state records the unknown oracle identity. The oracle query prepares a state, which is then measured; and the target property of the oracle plays the role of a message that should be deduced from the measurement outcome. Thus we obtain a link between the optimal single-query algorithm and minimization of the extent of quantum correlations between the oracle and the computer subsystems. We also find a lower bound on this mutual information, which is related to quantum coherence. These results extend to multiple-query non-adaptive algorithms. As a result, we gain insight into the task of finding the optimal non-adaptive algorithm that uses at most a fixed number of queries, for any oracle problem.

This research compares two two-well (TW) Terahertz Quantum Cascade Lasers (THz QCLs) using non-equilibrium Green’s functions (NEGF) in order to understand the discrepancy in their maximum operating temperatures (T max ). Despite similar designs and simulation findings, the devices show a substantial performance difference. This is connected to variations in interface roughness (IFR) caused by different Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) reactors. Our findings highlight the necessity of accurate MBE growth control for high-performance THz QCLs and propose approaches for interface modification to improve device temperature performance, providing a clearer path to meeting and exceeding current T max records.

The noninvasive measurement and sensing of vital bio signs, such as respiration and cardiopulmonary parameters, has become an essential part of the evaluation of a patient’s physiological condition. The demand for new technologies that facilitate remote and noninvasive techniques for such measurements continues to grow. While previous research has made strides in the continuous monitoring of vital bio signs using lasers, this paper introduces a novel technique for remote noncontact measurements based on radio frequencies. Unlike laser-based methods, this innovative approach offers the advantage of penetrating through walls and tissues, enabling the measurement of respiration and heart rate. Our method, diverging from traditional radar systems, introduces a unique sensing concept that enables the detection of micro-movements in all directions, including those parallel to the antenna surface. The main goal of this work is to present a novel, simple, and cost-effective measurement tool capable of indicating changes in a subject’s condition. By leveraging the unique properties of radio frequencies, this technique allows for the noninvasive monitoring of vital bio signs without the need for physical contact or invasive procedures. Moreover, the ability to penetrate barriers such as walls and tissues opens new possibilities for remote monitoring in various settings, including home healthcare, hospital environments, and even search and rescue operations. In order to validate the effectiveness of this technique, a series of experiments were conducted using a prototype device. The results demonstrated the feasibility of accurately measuring …

This study explores the effect of doping density on the performance of split-well resonant-phonon (SWRP) Terahertz Quantum Cascade Lasers (THz QCLs) through non-equilibrium Green’s functions (NEGF) analysis. Experimental research showed that increasing the doping concentration in these designs led to better results compared to the split-well direct-phonon (SWDP) design, which has a larger overlap between its active laser states and the doping profile. We also found that electron-electron (e-e) scattering is a major factor in performance limitation. By identifying key scattering mechanisms, we propose optimization strategies for doping profiles and material quality to enhance operational temperatures. This research offers insights into overcoming current limitations in THz QCLs, setting a foundation for future technological advancements.

Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a cancer-causing virus that establishes life-long infection. KSHV is implicated in the etiology of Kaposi’s sarcoma, and a number of rare hematopoietic malignancies. The present study focuses on the KSHV open reading frame 20 (ORF20), a member of the conserved herpesvirus UL24 protein family containing five conserved homology domains and a conserved PD-(D/E)XK putative endonuclease motif, whose nuclease function has not been established to date. ORF20 encodes three co-linear protein isoforms, full length, intermediate, and short, though their differential functions are unknown. In an effort to determine the role of ORF20 during KSHV infection, we generated a recombinant ORF20-Null KSHV genome, which fails to express all three ORF20 isoforms. This genome was reconstituted in iSLK cells to establish a latent infection, which resulted in an accelerated transcription of viral mRNAs, an earlier accumulation of viral lytic proteins, an increase in the quantity of viral DNA copies, and a significant decrease in viral yield upon lytic reactivation. This was accompanied by early cell death of cells infected with the ORF20-Null virus. Functional complementation of the ORF20-Null mutant with the short ORF20 isoform rescued KSHV production, whereas its endonuclease mutant form failed to enhance lytic reactivation. Complementation with the short isoform further revealed a decrease in cell death as compared with ORF20-Null virus. Finally, expression of IL6 and CXCL8, previously shown to be affected by the hCMV UL24 homolog, was relatively low upon reactivation of cells infected with …

Since its inception nearly a half century ago, CHARMM has been playing a central role in computational biochemistry and biophysics. Commensurate with the developments in experimental research and advances in computer hardware, the range of methods and applicability of CHARMM have also grown. This review summarizes major developments that occurred after 2009 when the last review of CHARMM was published. They include the following: new faster simulation engines, accessible user interfaces for convenient workflows, and a vast array of simulation and analysis methods that encompass quantum mechanical, atomistic, and coarse-grained levels, as well as extensive coverage of force fields. In addition to providing the current snapshot of the CHARMM development, this review may serve as a starting point for exploring relevant theories and computational methods for tackling contemporary and …

In this research we investigate the issues that arise from line broadening in m-plane GaN Terahertz Quantum Cascade Lasers (THz QCLs). Our study using non-equilibrium Green’s functions (NEGF) shows that factors beyond longitudinal-optical (LO) phonon coupling contribute to line broadening. Despite these challenges, increased doping densities were found to increase gain, allowing for lasing at up to 280 K at 7.2 THz. This indicates the potential of practical GaN-based THz QCLs for high-temperature applications, suggesting avenues for achieving room temperature operation and advancing THz QCL development.

A-to-I RNA editing is a cellular mechanism that generates transcriptomic and proteomic diversity, which is essential for neuronal and immune functions. It involves the conversion of specific adenosines in RNA molecules to inosines, which are recognized as guanosines by cellular machinery. Despite the vast number of editing sites observed across the animal kingdom, pinpointing critical sites and understanding their in vivo functions remains challenging. Here, we study the function of an evolutionary conserved editing site in Drosophila, located in glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluClα). Our findings reveal that flies lacking editing at this site exhibit reduced olfactory responses to odors and impaired pheromone-dependent social interactions. Moreover, we demonstrate that editing of this site is crucial for the proper processing of olfactory information in projection neurons. Our results highlight the value of using …

In-cell electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy experiments provide high-resolution data about conformational changes of proteins within the cell. However, one of the limitations of EPR is the requisite of stable paramagnetic centers in a reducing environment. We recently showed that histidine-rich sites in proteins hold a high affinity to Cu(II) ions complexed with a chelator. Using a chelator prevents the reduction of Cu(II) ions. Moreover, this spin-labeling methodology can be performed within the native cellular environment on any overexpressed protein without protein purification and delivery to the cell. Herein, we use this novel methodology to gain spatial information on the extracellular domain of the human copper transporter, hCtr1. Limited structural information on the transmembrane domain of the human Ctr1 (hCtr1) was obtained using X-ray crystallography and cryo-EM. However, these …

There is agreement that every colloidal structure produces its own set of unique characteristics, properties, and applications. A colloidal phenomenon of latex-bridged water in a dimethyl carbonate (DMC) Pickering emulsion stabilized by R202 hydrophobic silica was investigated for its ability to act as a superhydrophobic coating (SHC) for cellulose substrates. First, various emulsion compositions were screened for their stability and droplet size. The final composition was then cross-examined by cryogenic scanning electron microscopy and optical and fluorescent microscopy to verify the colloidal structure. The drying pattern of the coating was investigated by using labeled samples under a fluorescent microscope and by scanning electron microscopy on a paper substrate. After the final ∼3 μm of dry coating was applied, it exhibited superhydrophobicity (advancing contact angle = 155°) and full functionality after 5 …

Hard x-ray imaging is indispensable across diverse fields owing to its high penetrability. However, the resolution of traditional x-ray imaging modalities, such as computed tomography (CT) systems, is constrained by factors including beam properties, the limitations of optical components, and detection resolution. As a result, the typical resolution in commercial imaging systems that provide full-field imaging is limited to a few hundred microns, and scanning CT systems are too slow for many applications. This study advances high-photon-energy imaging by extending the concept of computational ghost imaging to multipixel ghost imaging with x-rays. We demonstrate a remarkable resolution of approximately 20 µm for an image spanning 0.9 by 1 cm^2, comprised of 400,000 pixels and involving only 1000 realizations. Furthermore, we present a high-resolution CT reconstruction using our method, revealing …

Silica (SiO2) particles are widely used in various industries due to their chemical inertness, thermal stability, and wear resistance. The present study describes the preparation and potential use of porous hydrophobic and hydrophilic SiO2 microcapsules (MCs) of a narrow size distribution. First, various layers of SiO2 micro/nano-particles (M/NPs) were grafted onto monodispersed polystyrene (PS) microspheres of a narrow size distribution. Hydrophobic and hydrophilic sintered SiO2 MCs were then prepared by removing the core PS from the PS/SiO2 core–shell microspheres by burning off under normal atmospheric conditions or organic solvent dissolution, respectively. We examined how the size and quantity of the SiO2 M/NPs influence the MC’s properties. Additionally, we utilized two forms of hollow SiO2 MC for different applications; one form was incorporated into polymer films, and the other was free-floating …

Analyzing complex experimental data with multiple parameters is challenging. We propose using Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) as an effective solution. This method, demonstrated through real experimental data analysis, surpasses conventional approaches in understanding complex physics data. Singular values and vectors distinguish and highlight various physical mechanisms and scales, revealing previously challenging elements. SVD emerges as a powerful tool for navigating complex experimental landscapes, showing promise for diverse experimental measurements.

Nanoconfinement of electrocatalytic reactions is a promising strategy to influence the reaction kinetics. The degree of confinement affects the electronic and mass transport parameters and breaks the scaling laws of surface activity in electrocatalysis. Herein, a strongly confined system has been designed to demonstrate the nanoconfinement effects on the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) in an alkaline medium. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with an inner diameter of 14 Å have been filled with a Pt single-atom catalyst (SAC). The kinetics of the HOR reaction in alkaline solution are slowed down by the confinement effect, with a high overpotential observed for Pt SAC in CNT compared with a nonconfined Pt catalyst. This effect was observed to a lower extent in Pt SAC in a CNT with a larger diameter. On the other hand, nanoconfinement does not slow down the kinetics in an acidic medium for any of these three types of …

In-cell electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy experiments provide high-resolution data about conformational changes of proteins within the cell. However, one of the limitations of EPR is the requisite of stable paramagnetic centers in a reducing environment. We recently showed that histidine-rich sites in proteins hold a high affinity to Cu(II) ions complexed with a chelator. Using a chelator prevents the reduction of Cu(II) ions. Moreover, this spin-labeling methodology can be performed within the native cellular environment on any overexpressed protein without protein purification and delivery to the cell. Herein, we use this novel methodology to gain spatial information on the extracellular domain of the human copper transporter, hCtr1. Limited structural information on the transmembrane domain of the human Ctr1 (hCtr1) was obtained using X-ray crystallography and cryo-EM. However, these …

We study the interaction of a dark exciton Bose-Einstein condensate with the nuclei in gallium arsenide/aluminum gallium arsenide coupled quantum wells and find clear evidence for nuclear polarization buildup that accompanies the appearance of the condensate. We show that the nuclei are polarized throughout the mesa area, extending to regions that are far away from the photoexcitation area and persisting for seconds after the excitation is switched off. Photoluminescence measurements in the presence of radio frequency radiation reveal that the hyperfine interaction between the nuclear and electron spins is enhanced by two orders of magnitude. We suggest that this large enhancement manifests the collective nature of the N-exciton condensate, which amplifies the interaction by a factor of .

Nanoparticles (NPs) can be used as useful additives in construction materials. In this work, nanosilica (NS) was used in a way that prevented agglomeration of NPs as a pozzolanic material to improve Portland cement hydration and thus improve the properties of concrete. The effects of NS and polystyrene (PS) microspheres coated with NS (PS@NS) on cement paste properties were examined. Spherical PS particles were prepared by dispersion polymerisation of styrene in polar solvents and characterised by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and environmental scanning electron microscope. The PS@NS were synthesised using the Stöber method. Analysis showed that an amorphous NS layer was deposited uniformly on the PS particles and the core/shell structure reduced the aggregation of the NS effectively. It was also found that, compared with cement paste blended with NS, the PS@NS improved …

Magnetic composite particles offer much potential for use in a variety of applications, including manufacturing, environmental protection, microfluidics, microelectronics, and biomedicine. Magnetic Polymer Composites and Their Emerging Applications explores leading research on the fabrication, characterization, properties, and all reported applications of magnetic polymer composites. Features: Discusses synthesis, properties, and modern fabrication technologies of magnetic polymer composites Describes the biocompatibility, suitability, and toxic effects of these materials Covers a variety of applications including those in biomedicine, wastewater treatment, soft robotics, 3D/4D printing, and agriculture Details opportunities and future directions in magnetic polymer composites and their surface decorations This unique book serves as a road map for materials engineers, as well as researchers, academics, technologists, and students working in sensor technology.